PREPARED BY GROUP 3

MEMBERS:
- JAYAPRAKASH. J.V
- MANOJ KUMAR. A
- RAJESH BABU. B.S
- APSARA.S
- BEENAKUMARI M.G
- SULABHA KUMARI.S.L
- JESEEMA.M
- MINI. V. NAIR
- CHANDRAN. G
- ALKA. S.S
- SEENA. A
- SUJANA. L.R
- SUJITHA. J.S
- AJITHA. K
- LEKSHMIKUTTY. C.R
1. WATER
2. INORGANIC MINERALS
3. ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
4. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
1.SHORT DISTANCE TRANSPORT
2.LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT
SHORT DISTANCE TRANSPORT

 Over small distances substances move by

DIFFUSION and by CYTOPLASMIC
STREAMING supplemented by active
transport
LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT

 Transport over longer distances proceeds

through the vascular system and is called
TRANSLOCATION
DIRECTION OF TRANSPORT
- TRANSPORT OF WATER AND MINERALS
IN XYLEM IS UNIDIRECTIONAL FROM
ROOTS TO THE STEMS
- ORGANIC AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS
UNDERGO MULTIDIRECTIONAL
TRANSPORT
- PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ARE
TRANSPORTED IN POLARIZED OR
UNIDIRECTIONAL MANNER
 MEANS OF TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

SIMPLE DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION

 PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Simple diffusion
• It is the movement of substances from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration
• It may be from one part of the cell to the other, from cell to
cell or over short distances
• No energy expenditure takes place
• It is a slow process
• It is not dependent on a living
system
• Diffusion of gases is faster
than liquids and solids
• It is the only means for gaseous movement
within the plant body
• It is affected by concentration gradient,
membrane permeability ( if membrane is
present), temperature, pressure, size of the
substances, solubility in lipids etc.
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT
FACILITATED DIFFUSION

1. It takes place through membrane proteins

2. Like simple diffusion a concentration gradient must already be present

3. There is no expenditure of energy

4. When all the protein transporters are in use, the transport rate reaches a
maximum
5. Inhibitors of these membrane proteins cause decrease in the rate of
facilitated diffusion
6. Porins are proteins that form huge pores in the outer membranes of
the plastids, mitochondria and some bacteria
7. Porins that transport water are called aquaporins

8. Movement through some of the transport proteins can be of three

types, symport, antiport and uniport
PORINS IN BACTERIA
AQUAPORINS
 UNIPORT, SYMPORT AND ANTIPORT

• In a symport two types of molecules cross the

membrane in the same direction

• In an antiport, they move in opposite directions

• In uniport, the molecule moves across a membrane

independent of other molecules
• It requires expenditure of energy

• Molecules are pumped against a concentration gradient

(uphill transport)
 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TRANSPORTS

PROPERTY SIMPLE DIFFUSION FACILITATED ACTIVE

DIFFUSION TRANSPORT

Requirement of
membrane proteins NO YES YES
Highly selective
NO YES YES

Saturation of
NO YES YES
transport
Uphill transport
NO NO YES

Requires ATP
NO NO YES
 PLANT – WATER RELATIONS

1. Water is essential for all physiological

activities of plant
2. To understand plant water relations,
understanding of the following terms is
required
• Water potential
• Solute potential
• Pressure potential
• Osmosis
• Plasmolysis
• Imbibition
 WATER POTENTIAL
 The free energy/mol of water in a system is called its water
potential

 Pure water has the greatest water potential and its value
is set as zero at atmospheric pressure

 Water will move from the system containing water at

higher water potential to the one having low water potential

 Water potential is denoted by the greek symbol psi or Ψw

 Unit of water potential is pascal or kilopascal

 Addition of solutes causes lowering of water potential

 All the solutions have a negative value for water potential

 SOLUTE POTENTIAL
 The magnitude by which water potential of pure
water decreases on addition of solutes is called
solute potential
 It is represented by the symbol Ψs
 Solute potential is always negative

 The solute potential of pure water is zero

 Solute potential is also called osmotic

potential
 For a solution at atmospheric pressure Ψw = Ψs
 Pressure potential
If a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is applied to
pure water or a solution, its water potential increases

The magnitude by which the water potential increases on

application of pressure is called pressure potential

Pressure potential has usually positive value

It is represented by the symbol Ψp

Relation between Ψw, Ψs and Ψp

Ψw = Ψs + Ψp
3. FLAVR SAVR
• First approved commercial
scale of food product
• First genetically modified crop
• Developed by Calgene, U.S.A.
• have improved storage or
long shelf life
by blocking Polygalact uronase
Enzyme degrade Pectin,
leads to ripening
Also, fruits have increased
soluble sugars and
taste
FLAVR SAVR
4. Transgenic Brassica napus

Hirudin is a protein which

prevent blood clotting.
Steps in the dvelopment of
Transgenic Brassica napus

1.Synthesis of gene responsible

for Hirudin production
2. Transfer of this gene in to
Brassica napus plant
3. Gene promote the production of
Hirudin and accumulated in the seeds
4. Extraction and purification
of Hirudin from Brassica napus
 m

Moolgiri rice
 (GMF)

(GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOOD)

Food stuffs produced from GMOs

GMOs have had their genome altered
through genetic enginnering

Examples:
soyabean, Corn, Canola (Brassica napus),
Cotton seed oil, wheat, etc.
 GM FOODS,
differences from conventional food

It contains the protein produced by the transgene is

a question.
e.g., Cry protein in the Bt cotton

It contains the enzyme produced by the antibiotic

resistance gene that was used in the
gene transfer by genetic engineering

It contains antibiotic resistance gene itself

 GM FOODS,
Concerns…
 Enzyme produced by antibiotic resistance gene
(foreign gene) could cause allergy problems

 Health hazard associated with toxicity of the product

 The bacteria present in the intestine of humans could

take up the antibiotic resistant gene that is
present in the GMF and become resistant to the
concerned antibiotic.
As a result it becomes difficult to manage
these bacteria
 How to solve…
Scientists think like this…

 Efforts are being made to use other genes in place of

antibiotic resistant genes

 Toxic and allergic problems can be examined

scientifically by using animal models
before releasing the product