Demonstration Teaching in Science

GENETICS
The science of heredity and variation.
HEREDITY
Refers to the passing of characteristics from
parents to offspring.
VARIATION
is the differences among individual belonging
to the same species.
 Genetic Crosses
Show possible outcomes of genes the
new generation will have.

We use:
Gene diagrams
Punnett Squares
 CROSSWORD PUZZLE
HORIZONTAL
Genes located inside the nucleus of the cells that are responsible
for the observed traits.
G N O Y P G E N O T Y P E
F H F H
E E
S S
P D O M N N T P D O M N N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Observed allele; traits that are expressed

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S
P D O M N N T P D O M I N A N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Mature reproductive cell capable of fusing with a
similar cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote;
also called sex cells

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S
P D O M N N T P D O M N N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M E T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Any of the first two individuals in a cross. Mother or father

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S
P D O M N N T P D O M N N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C

P R E T S P A R E N T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 VERTICAL
A person’s child or animal’s young or sometimes
a descendant of a plant.
G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E F E
S S
D O M N N T P D O M N N T
R T R T
I
N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Observable expressions of a trait.

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S N
D O M N N T D O M N N T
R T R T
Y
N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M E T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
L S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Contrasting expression or alternative form of a trait that
exhibits dominance and recessiveness.

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S
D O M N N T D O M N N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C
L
P R E T S P R E T S
S L S
E E
V V
E E
 Allele that does not function when two different alleles are
present in the cells of an organism.

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E E
S S
D O M N N T D O M N N T
R T R T

N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C
E
P R E T S P R E T S
S S
E E I
V V
E E
 Inherited factors that determine particular characteristics
of an individual. They are the basic unit of heredity.

G N O Y P G N O Y P
F H F H
E G E G
S S E
D O M N N T D O M N N T
R T E R T E
S S
N P R N P R
G A M T E G A M T E
L C L C

P R E T S P R E T S
S S
E E
V V
E E
Symbols used to represent
individuals in order to
simplify a genetic cross
 P 1
Parental generation
The first two individuals in a given

cross
 F1
First filial generation
The offsprings of the P1
 F2
Second filial generation
The offsprings of the F1
 T
Dominant
It masks the recessive trait

Note: any capital letter

 t
Recessive
Masked by the dominant trait

Note: any small letter

 TT
Homozygous dominant
Combination of two big letters
 tt
Homozygous recessive
Combination of two small letters
 Tt
Heterozygous
Combination of big and small letter
 GR
Genotypic ratio
Ratio of the genotypes
 PR
Phenotypic ratio
Ratio of the phenotyes
Gene control of characteristics
 All characteristics are controlled by a
minimum of 2 genes.

 Different genes that control the same

feature are called ALLELES
 e.g. TT, tt
 EYE COLOUR
 Possible alleles – blue , brown, green,
hazel etc (each colour needs its own
gene)

 It is possible to have pairs of different

alleles, alleles are usually given a letter
 Genotype and phenotype
 Genotype is the letter or term used to
describe the allele of an individual gene or
pair of genes.
ex. TT, tt, Tt
 Phenotype – is how the gene (or pair)
shows itself, how it appears.
 - any observable traits
 ex. Tall, Short, curly, yellow
 Dominance and
recessiveness
 Some alleles for a feature are able to mask
the influence of other (weaker) gene when
they are paired
 Stronger gene is DOMINANT and is
represented by a capital letter e.g. T
 The masked gene is RESSESIVE shown as
lower case of the same letter e.g. t
Gene diagram – Flower colour

Genotype of alleles- R = red flower

r = yellow flower
All genes occur in pairs – so 2 alleles affect a
characteristic – possible combinations are;

genotype RR Rr rr
Phenotype RED RED YELLOW
 Gene diagram – Flower colour
Parent (P) Male female
RR rr

gamete R R r r

Offspring Rr Rr
(F1) Rr Rr
genotype
Phenotype All red
 Gene diagram – Flower colour
parent Male female
F1 Rr Rr

gamete R r R r

Offspring
(F2) Rr
genotype RR rr Rr

Phenotype Red yellow red red

Phenotypic ratio 3 red : 1 yellow or 3:1
Genotypic ratio 1RR:1 rr : 2Rr or 1RR : 2Rr :1rr
 Gene diagram – Flower colour
parent Male female
Rr rr

gamete R r r r

Offspring rr Rr
genotype Rr rr
Red yellow yellow red
Phenotype
Red 50% yellow 50%
 Punnett Square
 Another method of showing crosses
 Parent genotypes are inserted B=black b=white
Gamete genotypes are inserted
What are the crosses
Bb male black

B b
bb 2 white and 2
Bb
b black offspring
bb 50:50 chance
white
with these
female b Bb bb
parents
Phenotype 2 black, 2 white
Genotype 2 Bb, 2bb
Phenotypic ratio 2:2 or 1:1
Genotypic ratio 2:2 or 1:1
 Question
Rats have 2 coat colours – black B, white b.
2 black rats are mated,
The male is re-mated
they have 13
with a white
offspring. All of
female, the
which are black,
offspring are
what are the
genotypes
Both BB of BBthe
6 black and 7 white
parents
BUT
What were the
one could be Bb Female BB Male Bb
genotypes of the
Remember think how lucky
you are!
1. Dagul which is a short(tt) “going bulilit”
artist is married to a tall woman (TT).
What will be the genotype, phenotype, PR
and GR of their offspring?

Genotype 4 Tt
Phenotype 4 Tall
Genotypic Ratio 4:0
Phenotypic Ratio 4:0
1. Sandra is interested to study how traits

are pass on from parents to offspring.

What branch of science best cater her
needs?
a. Chemistry b. Physics
c. Genetics d. Astronomy
2. Which of the following symbols represent

homozygous dominant?
a. RR b. rr c. Rr d. R
3. The observable traits and characteristics
of any individual are known as_________.
a. genotype b. phenotype
c. allele d. recessive
4. With regards to your grandparents, what
filial generation do you belong?
a. F1 b. F2 c. F3 d. F4
5. If a known test dog is homozygous recessive
for a trait(dd), and the unknown test dog is
homozygous dominant for a trait(DD),
what percentage of the offspring will be
homozygous recessive?
a. 50% b. 75% c. 25% d. 0%
Test II. Using the punnett square, predict the genotype, phenotype, genotypic ratio
and phenotypic ratio if a Heterozygous (Pp) Purple-flowered garden pea plant
is self- crossed. ( Pp X Pp )

Phenotypes:
Genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:
 PA

LET’S CHECK
1. Sandra is interested to study how traits

are pass on from parents to offspring.

What branch of science best cater her
needs?

c
a. Chemistry b. Physics
c. Genetics d. Astronomy
2. Which of the following symbols represent

homozygous dominant?

a
a. RR b. rr c. Rr d. R
3. The observable traits and characteristics
of any individual are known as_________.
a. genotype b. phenotype
c. allele d. recessive

b
4. With regards to your grandparents, what
filial generation do you belong?
a. F1 b. F2 c. F3 d. F4

b
5. If a known test dog is homozygous recessive
for a trait(dd), and the unknown test dog is
homozygous dominant for a trait(DD),
what percentage of the offspring will be
homozygous recessive?
a. 50% b. 75% c. 25% d. 0%

d
Test II. Using the punnett square, predict the genotype, phenotype, genotypic ratio
and phenotypic ratio if a Heterozygous (Pp) Purple-flowered garden pea plant
is self- crossed. ( Pp X Pp )

P p
P
PP Pp

p Pp pp

Phenotypes: 3 purple, 1 white

Genotypes: 1 PP, 2 Pp, 1 pp
Phenotypic ratio: 3: 1
Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
I. ASSIGNMENT
1. Research about dihybrid cross.
2. Study the incomplete dominance.

References : Principles of Genetics (University of the Philippines) pages 58-72

O- Biology , et al. pages 269-271
Science and Technology II, pages 175-177