Dwi Sutiningsih

FKM UNDIP
 Virology; the study of viruses
(or, lifestyles of the small and nasty)
Viruses have one major characteristic in common: they
are obligate intracellular parasites.

Viruses are UNABLE to grow and reproduce outside

of a living cell. No virus is able to produce its own
energy (ATP) to drive macromolecular synthesis.

However, in many other respects, they are a

highly diverse group.
 Topik Bahasan :

 Sejarah Penemuan Virus

 Sifat – Sifat Virus
 Struktur dan Fungsi virus
 Morfologi virus
 Replikasi virus
 Klasifikasi virus
 SEJARAH PENEMUAN
 D. Iwanowsky (1892) & M. Beyerinck (1899)
menemukan virus, penyakit mozaik daun
tembakau
 1898 : PMK, dapat melewati filter bakteri.
Penyebab cacar air adalah virus
 1900 : virus menyebabkan penyakit kuning
 1911 : filtrat yg tdk mengandung bakteri
dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan malignan
pada hewan (KANKER)
 SEJARAH PENEMUAN
 1915 : ditemukan bakteriofaga
 1920 : mengisolasi virus dg kultur jaringan
 1931 : mengisolasi virus dg embrio telur
 1935 : WM. Stanley mengkristalkan virus
TMV penyebab penyakit mozaik tembakau
 1940 : elektron mikroskop
 1952 : sel Hela (Ca cervic Henrieta Lacks)
 How are viruses named?
 Based on:
- the disease they cause : poliovirus, rabies virus
- the type of disease : murine leukemia virus
- geographic locations : Sendai virus, Coxsackie virus
- their discovers : Epstein-Barr virus
- how they were originally thought to be contracted :
dengue virus (“evil spirit”), influenza virus (the “influence” of bad air)
- combinations of the above : Rous Sarcoma virus
Virus Classification
Taxonomy from Order downward (three orders
now recognized)
•Family often the highest classification. Ends in -viridae.
•Many families have subfamilies. Ends in -virinae.
•Bacterial viruses referred to as bacteriophage or phage
(with a few exceptions).

Examples
family Myoviridae
genus T4-like phages
type species Enterobacteria phage T4
family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
genus Muromegalovirus
type species Murine herpesvirus 1
The Baltimore classification system
Based on genetic contents and replication strategies of
viruses. According to the Baltimore classification, viruses
are divided into the following seven classes:
1. dsDNA viruses
2. ssDNA viruses
3. dsRNA viruses
4. (+) sense ssRNA viruses (codes
directly for protein)
5. (-) sense ssRNA viruses
6. RNA reverse transcribing viruses
7. DNA reverse transcribing viruses

where "ds" represents "double strand"

and "ss" denotes "single strand".
 Virus Classification I
- the Baltimore classification

 All viruses must produce mRNA, or (+) sense RNA

 A complementary strand of nucleic acid is (–) sense

 The Baltimore classification has + RNA as its central

point

 Its principles are fundamental to an understanding of

virus classification and genome replication, but it is
rarely used as a classification system in its own right
 Virus classification II -
the Classical system

 This is a based on three principles -

 1) that we are classifying the virus itself, not the

host
 2) the nucleic acid genome

 3) the shared physical properties of the infectious

agent (e.g capsid symmetry, dimensions, lipid
envelope)
 Virus classification III -
the genomic system
 More recently a precise ordering of viruses
within and between families is possible
based on DNA/RNA sequence

 By the year 2000 there were over 4000

viruses of plants, animals and bacteria - in
71 families, 9 subfamilies and 164 genera
RNA viruses

From Principles of Virology Flint et al ASM Press

DNA viruses

From Principles of
Virology Flint et al
ASM Press
 SIFAT-SIFAT VIRUS

 Merupakan partikel yg sangat kecil

 Dapat melalui filter bakteri
 Bersifat parasit obligat
 Untuk melihatnya perlu mikroskop
elektron
 Ukurannya lebih kecil daripada bakteri
 SUSUNAN KIMIA

 TMV terdiri dari 1 macam asam nukleat

(RNA) yg diselubungi oleh selubung
protein sbg pelindungnya
 Virus yg menyerang hewan terdapat lipid2
& lipoprotein2, biasanya mengandung
DNA
 STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI
 Structure :
A virus particle, also
known as a virion, is
essentially a nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA)
enclosed in a protein
shell or coat. Viruses
are extremely small,
approximately 15 - 25
nanometers in
diameter
Adenovirus - Images courtesy of Linda M.
Stannard, University of Cape Town.
 Genetic Material

Viruses may have double-stranded DNA, double-stranded

RNA, single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA. In
different viruses, which of the four is the "genetic
material," depends on the nature and function of the
specific virus.

The viral genome can consist of a very small number of

genes or up to hundreds of genes depending on the type
of virus. Note that the genome is typically organized as a
long molecule that is usually straight or circular.
 Protein Coat

The protein coat that envelopes the

genetic material is known as a capsid. It
can have several shapes: polyhedral, rod
or "complex." The protein subunits of the
capsid are called capsomeres.
 Papillomavirus - Tobacco Mosaic virus - T4 Bacteriophage -
polyhedral capsid rod-shaped capsid complex capsid
 In addition to the protein coat, some
viruses have specialized structures. For
example, the flu virus has a membrane-
like envelope around its capsid. The
envelope has both host cell and viral
components and assists the virus in
infecting its host

Influenza virus
 Capsid additions are also found in
bacteriophages. For example,
bacteriophages can have a protein "tail"
attached to the capsid that is used to
infect the host bacteria.

Bacteriophage
 MORFOLOGI VIRUS
kapsomer
kapsid (A) kapsomer
nukleokapsid Kapsomer
RNA lin, ds/ss
Virus genom
DNA lin/sir,ds/ss
kapsul (B)
 Partikel VIRUS
PARTIKEL virus (virion)
(VIRION)
 Besarnya : 0,02-0,3 µm (20-300 nm)
Smallpox : 200 nm, Polio : 28 nm
 Mengandung DNA atau RNA yang
berbentuk untai tunggal atau ganda
 Genom : ds/ss DNA lin/sir
ds/ss RNA lin
 Genom virus yg paling besar : 190 kb
 Genom bakteri : 1000-9000, ada yang
590 kb (intraseluler)
The size of viruses
PARTIKEL VIRUS (VIRION)

 Ada virus genomnya tdk terdiri dari 1

molekul, tetapi terdiri dari beberapa segmen,
misal Reovirus
 Tipe virus :
 Helical : TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
 Icosahedron : virus influenza, bakteriofaga T4
 Beberapa virus mempunyai enzim di dalam
virion, misal retrovirus :RNA-dependent DNA
polimerase (reverse transkriptase)
 VIROID
 Merupakan ss cir RNA molekul kecil
 Tidak punya kapsid bentuk
ekstraselulernya adalah RNA
 Nukleotida : 246-375
 Kebanyakan menimbulkan penyakit pada
tanaman
 Tidak punya “protein-encoding” gene
sangat tergantung sel inang
 PRION
 Bentuk ekstraselulernya adalah protein,
bersifat infeksius
 Menyebakan penyakit pada hewan,
termasuk mad cow disease
 Menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia:
 Kuru
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
 Perbedaan Virus dengan Sel Hidup

Sel Hidup : Virus :

1. Memiliki 2 tipe asam 1. Hanya memiliki 1
nukleat sekaligus tipe asam nukleat
2. Tidak dapat
2. Dapat mereproduksi
mereproduksi semua
semua bagian selnya bagian selnya,
3. Memiliki sistem hanya materi genetik
metabolisme & selubung protein
3. Tidak memiliki
sistem metabolisme
 REPLIKASI VIRUS
REPLICATION VIRUS
A single virus particle (virion) is in and of itself
essentially inert. It lacks needed components that cells
have to reproduce. Viruses are intracellular obligate
parasites which means that they cannot reproduce or
express their genes without the help of a living cell.

Once a virus has "infected" a cell, it will "marshal" the

cell's ribosomes, enzymes and much of the cellular
machinery to reproduce. Unlike what we have seen in
mitosis and meiosis, viral reproduction produces many,
many progeny, that when complete, leave the host cell
to infect other cells in the organism.
 Proses Replikasi

1. Perlekatan virus pada permukaan sel

inang
2. Penetrasi
3. Pelepasan genom dari kapsid
4. Sintesa protein virus
5. Sintesa asam nukleat
6. Penyusunan virion
7. Pelepasan virus pada inang
 Reseptor virus pada sel inang biasanya
merupakan glikoprotein dan mempunyai
fungsi lain

 Replikasi genom :
 Pada DNA ds, sirkuler seperti pada replikasi
DNA bakteri dua arah & dimulai dari “origin”
 DNA linear “ multi initiation point”
 Untuk ss DNA satu arah, linear, membentuk
sirkuler
 Bacteriophage binding to the cell Bacteriophage injecting its genetic
wall of a bacterium material into the bacterium

The bacteriophage components and The bacteriophage genome replicates

enzymes continue to be produced.

Bacteriophage enzyme breaks down the

The components of the bacteriophage bacterial cell wall causing the bacterium to
assemble
split open.
 KLASIFIKASI VIRUS DNA
FAMILI ASAM ENVELOPE
NUKLEAT
Papoviridae ss DNA -
Papovaviridae ds cir DNA -
Adenoviridae ds DNA -
Herpesviridae ds DNA +
Poxviridae ds DNA Compl. coats
Hepadnaviridae ds cir DNA Compl. coats
 KLASIFIKASI
KLASIFIKASI VIRUS
VIRUS RNA
FAMILI ASAM NUKLEAT ENVELOPE
Picomaviridae ss RNA (+) -
Calciviridae ss RNA -
Reoviridae ds RNA segmen -
Togaviridae ss RNA (+) +
Flaviviridae ss RNA +
Arenaviridae ss RNA seg +
Coronaviridae ss RNA diploid +
Bunyaviridae ss RNA seg +
Orthomyxoviridae ss RNA (-) seg +
Paramyxoviridae ss RNA (-) +
Rhabdoviridae ss RNA (-) +
Retroviridae ss RNA (+) +
 Specificity

Viruses typically can only infect a limited number

of hosts (also known as host range). The "lock
and key" mechanism is the most common
explanation for this range. Certain proteins on
the virus particle must fit certain receptor sites
on the particular host's cell surface.
 VIRUS TUMBUHAN
Plant viruses are similar to animal viruses
in most basic characteristics but they can
also be markedly different.
Most plant viruses have RNA as the
genetic material

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

There are two common mechanisms that plant viruses
use to spread:
Horizontal Transmission
The virus is received from an external source. In order to "invade"
the plant, the virus must penetrate the plant's outer protective layer
known as the epidermis (epi-, -dermis).
Plants that have been damaged by the weather, insects, etc. are
typically more susceptible to the virus.

Vertical Transmission
In vertical transmission, the virus is inherited from a parent. This
transmission can occur in both asexual and sexual reproduction.
 VIRUS PADA HEWAN
Colds and the chicken pox are two common ailments
that are caused by viruses.

Animal viruses are intracellular obligate parasites that

reproduce only after invading the host animal cell.

HIV Infecting Human Lymph Tissue

 Virus Types
There are several types of animal viruses. They are
commonly grouped into families according to the type of
genetic material present in the virus:
Double-Stranded DNA
Double-stranded DNA viruses usually have a polyhedral
or complex structure.
Examples include: Papilloma (cervical cancer and warts),
Herpes (simplex I and II), Epstein-Barr virus
(mononucleosis) and Variola (smallpox).
 Cont. Virus Types

Single-Stranded DNA
Single-stranded DNA viruses usually have a polyhedral
structure and depend on adenoviruses for parts of their
growth.

Double-Stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA viruses usually have a polyhedral
structure with the diarrhea viruses being a common example.
Single-Stranded RNA
Single-stranded RNA viruses are usually of two subtypes:
those that can serve as mRNA and those that serve as a
template for mRNA. Examples include: the Rhinovirus
(common cold), AIDS, Rabies and the Influenza viruses.
 Strategies for virus survival
 Finding and getting into a host cell. As viruses are
obligate parasites they must find the right type of cell
for their replication, they must invade that cell and
get their genome to the site of replication.
 Making virus protein. All viruses are parasites of
translation. The virus must make mRNA (unless it
has a + sense RNA genome already). Strategies must
exist to synthesize mRNA.
 Cont. Strategies for virus
survival
 Making viral genomes. Many viral genomes are copied
by the cell’s synthetic machinery in cooperation with
viral proteins.
 Forming progeny virions. The virus genome, capsid
(and envelope) proteins must be transported through
the cell to the assembly site, and the correct information
for assembly must be pre-programmed.
 Spread within and between hosts. To ensure survival
the virus must propagate itself in new cells.
 Overcoming host defences.The host defends itself
against “nonself”. Viruses have evolved ways to fight
back.
Three problems every virus must solve
1. How to reproduce during its “visit” inside the
cell. How to a) copy its genetic information and
b) produce mRNA for protein productio
2. How to spread from one individual to another
3. How to evade the host defenses. This need not
be complete.

 Viral diseases are the (usually unintended)

consequences of the way each virus has
chosen to solve these three problems.
References:
Basic Virology, Wagner and Hewlett
Principles of Molecular Virology, Cann
All the Virology on the www, http://www.virology.net/