7a Linking Words

Adding an Idea - AND

Contrasting an Idea - BUT

Giving a Reason - BECAUSE

Showing Time
 What do we know about words of
contrasting?

 Although & Even though + clause

Even though I think history is boring, I enjoy my history class.

 Despite & In spite of + noun/-ing

Despite thinking history is boring, I enjoy my history class.

 However - starts the 2nd sentence

I think history is boring. However, I enjoy my history class.
 There are 3 more words to contrast ideas:

• Nevertheless (Nonetheless)
Global warming is increasing. Nevertheless, some developed
nations continue to ignore this issue.

• Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding the construction of new prisons, the number
of cells is insufficient for the number of prisoners.

• but
This grammar is complex, but I’m getting the hang of it.
 WORDS TO ADD AN IDEA
• Leonardo Da Vinci was an outstanding
painter. Furthermore, he invented many
machines.

• Marco Polo was an Italian explorer.

Moreover, he was a merchant.
 WORDS TO ADD AN IDEA
• In addition to defending poor people in
America, JFK tried to make it possible for
black people to vote.

• Cleopatra had a son with Julius Cesar. In

addition, she gave birth to three children
with Marc Antony.
 WORDS TO ADD AN IDEA
• During the 5 days, we went rafting,
climbing, hiking as well as swimming.

• He can speak Spanish, not to mention

English.
 WORDS TO GIVE A REASON
• BECAUSE ( same as: since / as )

• BECAUSE OF (same as: due to, owing to, on

account of, as a result of)
 SHOWING TIME
• after, as, before, when, since, as soon as,
until, while (+ clause)

• after, since (+ noun or - ing)

*following (+ noun)

• subsequently (starts new sentence)