Analisa

Log Fasies
 Facies
• In geology, facies are a body of rock with
specified characteristics. [Reading (1996)]
• Ideally, a facies is a distinctive rock unit that
forms under certain conditions of sedimentation,
reflecting a particular process or environment.
• Sedimentary facies reflect depositional
environment, each facies being a distinct kind of
sediment for that area or environment.
 Lithostratigraphic hierarchy
GR Res
Zone/
Sand
Formation Facies (association) Flow Unit

A1

Distributary A2
“A” Channel Facies
Reservoir
A3

Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier

“X”
Formation B1
“B” Stacked Mouth
Reservoir Bar Facies B2

B3

Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier

 Lithostratigraphic hierarchy
• Basic unit of lithostratigraphic division of rocks is
the formation. Formations may be divided into
member and assembled into group

• Formation should be a ‘body of material which can

be identified by its lithological characteristics
and by its stratigraphic position’. It must be
mappable at the surface or traceable in the
subsurface
 Facies analysis
•Facies (from Latin, facia, meaning face or appearance) is
lithological, structural, and organic aspects detectable in the
field (de Raaf, 1965)

•Rocks or strata which can be characterized by aspects of

their appearance (lithology, grain size, sedimentary
structures, color, composition, biogenic content)

•It can subdivided into:

•Lithofacies (physical and chemical characteristics)
•Biofacies (macrofossil content)
•Ichnofacies (trace fossils)

•Facies associations constitute several facies that occur in

combination, and typically represent one depositional
environment (note that very few individual facies are
diagnostic for one specific setting!)
•Facies analysis is the interpretation of strata in terms of
depositional environments (or depositional systems),
commonly based on a wide variety of observations

•Facies models are schematic, three-dimensional

representations of specific depositional environments that
serve as norms for interpretation and prediction
•Facies models are static in the sense that they focus
heavily on autogenic processes and deposits, following
Walther’s Law

•Modern processes must constitute the basis for

interpreting ancient products (uniformitarianism works in
many cases, but not always)
Five basic parameters and the overall methodology of subsurface facies analysis
Source: IPIMS
 Shelf Margin Delta
Incised Lowstand
Fluvial Shoreline
System Emergent Coastal Plain

Coeval Delta
Delta Plain Distributary Front
Channels
D Distributary
A Mouth Bar
Shelf Phase C
Delta F
Underlying Prodelta
Sequence B
E Sediment
Sequence Boundary Gravity Flows
Rotational
Growth faulting, slumps
slumping, sliding
Sediment
gravity flows
Upper slope / Delta Front
A C Distributary Channel E Gravity flow deposits
D Distributary Mouth Bar Shelf Margin Delta
Incised B
Valley Outer shelf / Upper slope
Fill Distal deltaic deposits
F
B Shelf Margin Delta Upper slope / Delta Front
Gravity flow deposits
E
 Sedimentary log:
FA
F one-dimensional
F representations of
vertical sedimentary Bioturbated
F successions sandstone
F
FA F = facies
FA = facies association

F1

F2

Scour and basal lags

 Tidal
Mahakam flats
Delta,
Kalimantan,
al els
Indonesia

De
d

Delltta
Ti ann
Fluvial ch

a Front
Delta
Plain

Distributaries
0 10 km

i s t r i b utary
D
o u t h Bars
M
 PROGRADATIONAL AGGRADATIONAL RETROGRADATIONAL

(Regressive, Seaward - (Backstepping, Transgressive,

Stepping) Landward-Stepping)

Thicker, less shaly upward Similar thickness, ‘shaliness’ Upward thinning, shalier
Sediment source moving closer (regression) Sediment source maintained nearby Sediment source moving away
Typical of HIGHSTAND systems tract Typical of LOWSTAND systems tract (transgression)
Typical of TRANSGRESSIVE systems tract
 Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Well Logs:
Interpretations of Stacking Patterns
Idealized parasequence stacking patterns of a complete marginal marine depositional sequence
Highstand:
Progradational
Maximum Flooding
Surface Transgressive:
Retrogradational
"Transgressive" Surface
Lowstand:
Aggradational
Sequence Boundary
Highstand:
Progradational

Changes in these patterns can be used for sequence stratigraphic interpretation and correlation

TST TST Flooding Surface/

Sequence Boundary
Incised LST/TST
Sequence Valley HST Maximum Flooding
Boundary Surface
TST
TST
LST
LST
Highstand is missing, Lowstand is missing,
probably eroded away
probably an interfluve
Vertical Sequence – Prograding Shoreface
0 Gamma Ray 150
Flooding Surface
Core and Well Log
Example:
Lower Shoreface /
Shelf
EPR Price
Foreshore
River C, Cretaceous
Upper
Blackhawk ShorefaceFormation, .
Utah Shoreface Offshore
Lower
 Vertical variations in grain size to be used
in the diagnosis of depositional environment

Grain size
a) “Fining-upward”, with a scoured base

b) “Coarsening-upward” profiles

c) “Blocky" profiles whereby grain size

remains relatively constant

d) Sands originating in different

subenvironments commonly coalesce to
form a single vertical grain-size
profile

• No single environment has a unique grain-size profile

• Similar profiles may be produced by different environments
Source: IPIMS
 Meandering stream channels

Characteristic bell-shaped curve

for channels

Both channels surrounded by

overbank flood-plain shales

Note gamma ray curve shows the

abrupt change from shale to sand
at the base of each channel, as
well as the fining-upward, bell-
shaped curve as point-bar sand
grades into flood-plain shale at
the top of each channel sequence
Two upward-fining point-bar sand
Bodies in the log
Estuarine
Estuarine
Deltaic
Distributary channel sands
Lithology
Fine- to medium-grained sandstone,
moderate- to wells-sorted

Fining-upward grain size profile

Sedimentary structures
Contorted bedding, ripple formations,
planar bedding, trough-tabular
crossbedding, scour base

Paleontology
Burrows, organic plant debris, faunal
remains usually absent

Geometry:
Linear, straight to sinuous; 10-30 in thick;
1-5 km wide

Associated facies:
Fluvial meander point bar or braided
stream, interdistributary bay,
distributary mouth bar
Idealized sequence of vertically stacked point bars
from upper delta plain area Source: IPIMS
Distributary mouth bar sands
Lithologic column of distributary
mouth bar deposit
Lithology
In proximal bar: clean, well-sorted coarse- to
medium-grained sandstone
In distal bar: coarsening upward sequence of
fine sand, silt, and clay
Sedimentary structures
Small-scale cross laminae, small scour and fill
and current ripples
Paleontology
Abundant microfossils in prodelta clays at
base of sequence with minor bioturbation,
microssils and bioturbations decrease
upward, laminations of organic debris in
upper sand body
Geometry:
Elongate in seaward direction; arcuate to
cuspate-shaped, with increased wave and
marine current action;
Associated facies:
Prodelta marine shale, delta plain and
interdistributary bay silts and clays,
distributary channel sands
Source: IPIMS
 Distributary channel sands
Lithology
Fine- to medium-grained sandstone,
moderate- to wells-sorted

Fining-upward grain size profile

Sedimentary structures
Contorted bedding, ripple formations, planar
bedding, trough-tabular crossbedding, scour
base

Paleontology
Burrows, organic plant debris, faunal
remains usually absent

Geometry:
Linear, straight to sinuous; 10-30 in thick;
1-5 km wide

Associated facies:
Fluvial meander point bar or braided
stream, interdistributary bay, distributary
mouth bar
Idealized sequence of vertically stacked point bars
from upper delta plain area Source: IPIMS
Distributary mouth bar sands
Lithology
In proximal bar: clean, well-sorted coarse- to
medium-grained sandstone
In distal bar: coarsening upward sequence of fine
sand, silt, and clay
Sedimentary structures
Small-scale cross laminae, small scour and fill and
current ripples
Paleontology
Abundant microfossils in prodelta clays at base of
sequence with minor bioturbation, microssils and
bioturbations decrease upward, laminations of
organic debris in upper sand body
Geometry:
Elongate in seaward direction; arcuate to cuspate-
shaped, with increased wave and marine current
action;
Associated facies:
Prodelta marine shale, delta plain and
interdistributary bay silts and clays, distributary
channel sands
Lithologic column of distributary
mouth bar deposit Source: IPIMS
 Cross-section
Facies analysis

 A cross section is a profile showing geological features in

a vertical plane through the earth

 Two categories of cross-section:

•Structural: illustrate present-day structural features

such as dips, folds, and folds

•Stratigraphic: show characteristics such as formation

thickness, lithologic sequences, stratigraphic
correlations, facies changes, unconformities, fossil
zones, and ages
Structural cross-section

Represented as a present day/actual relief

 Stratigraphic cross-section

Based on flattened stratigraphic datums. The datum horizon is

represented as a straight horizontal line regardless of its
actual relief
 Lithostratigraphic Correlation

Chronostratigraphic Correlation
 Parasequences

Flooding Surface /
Parasequence Boundary

Flooding Surface /
Parasequence Boundary
Multiple Working Hypotheses
 STACKING PATTERNS. Progradational PS

Basinward

A parasequence set in which successively younger parasequences

are deposited farther basinward; overall the rate of deposition is
greater than the rate of accommodation (step seaward)
 STACKING PATTERNS Retrogradational PS

1
STACKING PATTERNS : Aggradational PS

Basinward