Professional Documents
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Introduction
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Definition
The process of determining the layers of
natural soil deposits that will underlie a
proposed structure and their physical
properties is generally referred to as
subsurface exploration/Sub Soil
Exploration/Investigation
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The purpose of the soil – exploration
progrm
To obtain information that will help the
geotechnical engineer in the following:
1. Selection of the type and the depth of
foundation suitable for a given structure
2. Evaluation of the load bearing capacity of the
foundation
3. Estimation of the probable settlement of a
structure
3
4. Determination of potential foundation
problems (expansive soil, collapsible soil,
sanitary landfill, and so on)
5. Establishment of ground water table
6. Prediction of lateral earth pressure for
structures like retaining walls, sheet pile,
bulk heads, and braced cuts
7. Establishment of construction methods for
changing subsoil conditions
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Scope of Soil Investigation
The scope of a soil investigation depends on the
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Phase I: Collection of available information such as
ꢀsite plan,
ꢀtype, size, and importance of the structure,
ꢀloading conditions,
ꢀprevious geotechnical reports,
ꢀtopographic maps,
ꢀairphotogrphs,
ꢀgeological maps,
ꢀhydrological information
ꢀExisting Infrastructure and
ꢀHighway department manuals 7
GEOLOGICAL MAP 8
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
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GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION
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Existing Data Sources
Various online sources like Google Earth
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Site Plans showing locations of ditches,
driveways, culverts, utilities, and pipelines.
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Phase II : Preliminary reconnaissance or a site
visit to provide a general picture of the
geotechnical topography and geology of the
site.
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Traffic control requirements during field
investigations
Location of underground and overhead
utilities
Type and condition of existing facilities (i.e.
pavements, bridges, etc.)
Adjacent land use (schools, churches,
research facilities, etc.)
Restrictions on working hours
Right-of-way constraints
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Environmental issues
Erosion features, and surface settlement
Flood levels
Water traffic and access to water boring sites
Benchmarks and other reference points to aid
in the location of boreholes
Equipment storage areas/security
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Phase III: Detailed soil exploration.
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• Phase IV Preliminary site investigation
In addition to desk study and
reconnaissance, a few confirmatory
bore holes are sunk or probing is
done.
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Site Exploration Plan
Once the site has been selected, a detailed
investigation has to be conducted.
Since the cost of such an investigation is
enormous, it is important to prepare a
definitive plan for the investigation, especially
in terms of the
ꢀbore-hole layout and spacing between bores
ꢀthe depth of boring at each location.
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Depth of Bore holes or Test pit
Approximate required minimum depth of bore hole shall be
predetermined
Depth can be changed during drilling depending upon
subsurface conditions
There is no hard and fast rule….
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Approximate method to determine
depth of boring holes or test pit
σ′
∆σ′ o
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(a)Min Depth of boring is at which the
net increase of stress = 1/10 estimated net stress (q)
on the foundation
∆σ
= 0.05
σ 0'
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Method suggested by Sowers and Sowers (1970)
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How Deep?
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How Deep (Bridges)?
Boring depth is governed by various factors,
including:
– Foundation type
– Foundation load
– Lowering of grade line at underpass?
– Channel relocation, widening, dredging?
– Scour?
Rules of Thumb
– Generally speaking, 50’- 80’ is reasonable
– Local experience is helpful
– Look at nearby structures if available
– If no experience or other info available, plan for
long first hole, then adjust.
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How Deep (Retaining Walls)?
Boring depth is governed by various factors,
including:
– Wall type (Fill vs. Cut)
– Lowering of grade line at wall?
– Scour?
• Rules of Thumb:
– Fill Walls: Depth = Wall Height +/-
– Soil Nailed Walls: Depth = Through Nailed Area,
plus 10’
– Drilled Shaft Walls: Depth = Exposed Wall Height plus
150% of Wall Height
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LPB L
(L>B)
B A B B A B A B
(A) (B)
ISOLATED SPREAD OR MAT FOOTINGS ADJACENT FOOTINGS
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B A B A B
D = 4 ½ B, when A P 2B
= 3B, when A > 2B (c)
= 1 ½ B, when A > 4B ADJACENT ROWS OF FOOTINGS
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Pile
D = 25′ to 100′,
confirm
competent
B strata
D = 1 ½ B or 1 ½ H
which ever is greater
(E)
(D)
PILES
RETAINING WALLS
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Water Surface
D = 10′ minimum *
= B when B ≤ H
= H when B > H
(A) DEEP CUT AND FILL SECTIONS ON SIDE HILLS
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D = 10′ minimum *
(B)
NORMAL CANAL SECTIONS
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H
(C) D = H1 minimum
HIGH EMBANKEMNTS
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Points to note
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How Many Borings & How Deep?
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Spacing of Bore holes or Test pit
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The exploration cost generally should be 0.1% to 0.5% of
the cost of structure
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How Many Borings?
Conventional Wisdom
– The number (density) of borings will increase:
As soil variability increases
As the loads increase
For more critical/significant structures
Rules of Thumb:
– Soft soils, critical structures – 50'
– Soft Soils - Space 100' to 200'
– As soils become harder, spacing may be increased up
to 500’
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How Many Borings?
Structure or Subsurface Spacing of Borings (ft)
Project Variability
Irregular 100-1000 (200, typical)
Highway
Average 200-2000 (500, typical)
Subgrade
Uniform 400-4000 (1000, typical)
Irregular 25-75
Multistory
Average 50-150
Building
Uniform 100-300
Source: Sowers 1979
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How Many Borings?
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Economics
The
exploration
cost generally
should be 0.1
to 0.5% of
the cost of the
structure
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A soil exploration program usually involves test
pits and /or soil borings.
A detailed soil exploration consists of:
1. Preliminary location of each bore hole and /or
test pits.
2. Numbering of the bore holes or test pits.
3. Planned depth of each bore hole or test pit.
4. Methods and procedures for advancing the bore
holes.
5. Number of samplings and their frequency.
6. Requirements for ground water observations.
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Methods of Subsurface
Exploration
Destructive Methods
Non- Destructive Methods
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Methods of Subsurface
Exploration
The following are the methods of subsurface
exploration to determine the stratification and
engineering characteristics of sub-surface soils.
Trial pits or trenches,
Hand Auger Borings (post hole, helical or
spiral , dutch auger, gravel auger; barrel
auger)
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Trial Pits and Trenches
Size - 1.5m * 1.5m
Depth – normal 3.0m,
Backfilled with proper compaction.
Cheapest method for shallow depth
Can be excavated either by labors or
mechanical excavator.
Any weak lenses or pockets can be
seen.
Expensive when depth is above 6m
or below water table specially when
the subsoil consists of sandy soil
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ꢁ the excavated material should be placed
on surface
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Augers
Gravel
Auger
Helical
Auger
Helical Auger
Extension
Rod Post Hole
PostPHpole Auger
Auger
Dutch
Auger
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1. The sand auger tips are formed to touch in order
to hold the very dry and sandy soils.
2. Tips of the mud auger are spaced further apart
than the regular soil bucket to allow for easier
removal of heavy, wet soil and clay.
These also have an opening in the cylinder for
removal of the cohesive soils.
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Stony Soil Auger
Used in stony soils,
gravely soils containing
small stones and
asphalt.
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Augers may be classified as either
ꢁbucket augers or
ꢁflight augers
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Flight augers may be classified as
short-flight augers or continuous
augers.
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Continuous augers can be classed as:
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HOLLOW STEM AUGER
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Hollow Stem Auger
ꢂ Casing with outer spiral
ꢂ Inner rod with plug/or pilot
assembly
ꢂ For sampling, remove pilot
assembly and insert sampler
ꢂ Typically 5ft sections, keyed,
box & pin connections
ꢂ Maximum depth 60-150ft
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This method may be used in all types of soil
including sandy soils below the water table
but is not suitable if the soil is mixed with
gravel, cobbles etc.
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Besides, the flight of augers serves the purpose
of casing the hole.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of
CFA
soil moving up from the base of the hole is
free to mix with the soil at higher levels on the
edge of the borehole
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Advantages and Disadvantages of
CFA
in coarse gravels the continuous-flight auger is
unusable because it must be removed each
time a sample or in-situ test is to be carried
out. At this stage the hole will collapse.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of
CFA
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AUGER BITS
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Hollow Stem Continuous
Flight Auger Drilling Systems:
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Drilling:
Continuous Flight Auger
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DRILLING RIG AND HALLOW STEM AUGER SYSTEM
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Hollow Stem Auger
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BUCKET AUGER
Bucket auger consists of an open-topped cylinder
which has a base plate with one or two slots
reinforced with cutting teeth, which break up the
soil and allow it to enter the bucket as it is
rotated.
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BUCKET AUGER
The top of the bucket is connected to a rod which
transmits the torque and downward pressure
from the rig at ground level to the base of the
hole: this rod is termed a ‘Kelly’.
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Shell and Auger Borings/Percussion
boring/percussion drilling
ꢀ The auger consists of a cylinder with bit at
the bottom.
ꢀ Shell is also similar as a cylinder with
cutting edge and hinged flap at the
bottom.
ꢀ Used for drilling a deeper bore hole.
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LIGHT
PERCUSSION
DRILLING RIG
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Shell and Auger Borings
Shell & auger rigs are simple and cheap to
operate, they are excellent for drilling sand &
gravel and soft clays and chalk.
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Percussion Drilling
The drilling rig (Fig) consists of a collapsible ‘A’
frame, with a pulley at its top,
a diesel engine connected via a hand-
operated friction clutch (based on a brake
drum system) to a winch drum which provides
pulling power to the rig rope and can be held
still with a friction brake which is foot-
operated used to raise and lower a series of
weighted tools on to the soil being drilled.
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LIGHT
PERCUSSION
DRILLING RIG
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LIGHT PERCUSSION
DRILLING TOOLS
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The rig is very light and can be
readily towed with a four-wheel
drive vehicle. It is also very easy
to erect, and on a level site can
be ready to drill in about 15
minutes.
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In granular materials, such as sands or
gravels, a shell is used.
At least 2 m of water is put in the bottom of
the borehole, and the shell is then surged,
moving about 300mm up and down every
second or so.
Surging the shell upwards causes water to be
drawn into the bottom of the hole, and this
water loosens the soil at the base of the hole
and forces it to go into suspension
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As the shell is dropped on the bottom of the
hole the mixture of soil and water passes up
the tube of the shell, past the simple non-
return valve (sometimes called a ‘clack’). As the
shell is raised, the clack closes and retains the
soil
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WASH BORING
Wash boring is a relatively old method of boring
small-diameter exploratory holes in fine-
grained soil.
Soil exploration below the ground water table is
usually very difficult to perform by means of
pits or auger-holes. Wash boring in such cases is
a very convenient method provided the soil is
either sand, silt or clay.
The method is not suitable if the soil is mixed
with gravel or boulders.
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The purpose of wash boring is to drill holes only
and not to make use of the disturbed washed
materials for analysis.
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The soil in suspension settles down in the tub
and the clean water flows into a sump which
is reused for circulation.
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DRILLING
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