HISTORY AND SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

PSY-102 - (3 CHS)

BS PSYCHOLOGY – FALL2019

Resource Person
Dr. Azher Hameed Qamar
PhD in Interdisciplinary Child Research (Norway)
Assistant Professor
Department of Behavioral Sciences, S3H, NUST, Islamabad
Email: drazher@s3h.nust.edu.pk
 Humanistic
PERSPECTIVE
HUMANISTIC

Theorists

•Carl Rogers
•Abraham Maslow
 What is Self-Actualization
necessary to
change a person
is to change his Self-Esteem
awareness of
himself.

Love / Belonging
ABRAHAM
MASLOW (1908-
1970) Safety

Physiological
 Self Worth and Self Esteem
• Self-esteem relates to the way we feel about
ourselves externally, i.e. the way we look, feel, act
and the way we are perceived.  

• Self-worth on the other hand has more to do with

an internal sense of self. Self-worth refers to
feelings of importance, belonging and identity. Self-
worth involves finding meaning in your life and a
sense of ownership or purpose. 

First comes self-worth then comes self-esteem

SELF-ACTUALIZATION
the psychological process aimed at maximizing the
use of a person’s abilities and resources. This
process may vary from one person to another
(Couture et al., 2007).

“What a man can

be, he must be.
This need we may “[a] musician must make music, an
call self- artist must paint, a poet must write,
actualization”
(Maslow, 1943). if he is to be ultimately happy”
(Maslow, 1943).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZERS
• Efficient perceptions of reality
• Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature
• Autonomy (decision making power)
• Creativity
• Know about imperfections / weaknesses
• Fellowship with humanity
• Strong focus on problems outside of themselves
• Non-hostile sense of humor
• They accept themselves as they are
• No guilt, No shame for what they are not
• Able to accept other same way
• Natural in their feelings about themselves and others
 Criticism On Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Little evidence about one level at one time

• Hierarchy may be reversed (e.g starving artist)
• Culture of needs may change the order
• Measurement of satisfaction of needs not possible
CARL ROGERS
Fully Functional
Person
The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn
and change.
-- Carl Rogers

I believe that the testing of the student's achievements in order to see if

he meets some criterion held by the teacher, is directly contrary to the
implications of therapy for significant learning.

-- Carl Rogers
 UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Empathetic understanding – showing an ability to understand and share the feelings
of another.

Unconditional
No selective evaluation and acceptance of subjective experience of the client without
conditions.

Positive
Means a ‘warm acceptance . . . a caring for the client

Regard
And regards means accepting and understanding the client in his/her own context –
accepting ‘each aspect of the client’s experience as being part of that client.
ROGERS:
to grow, the self disclosure, acceptance, unconditional positive regard and
empathy. He focussed on strength and not on weakness.

MASLOW
One cannot achieve a high level in hierarchy without first achieving those
below it.

Maslow thinks that people who achieve self actualization are rare. Whereas
Rogers believes otherwise as he's not stuck in hierarchy of needs like
Maslow
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