Microwave Propagation Basics & Planning

Microwave Propagation basics & Planning
EMO/Access Service Delivery 1

Tropics
1. Transmission Network Topology

2. Transmission Media
3. Microwave Link Theory
4. Objective Planning
5. Frequency Planning
6. Transmission Hop and Protection
7. Antenna
8. Modulation Technique etc.
9. PDH Hierarchy
10. SDH Hierarchy

Transmission Network Topology
Chain Topology
This type of network is suitable for long

distant narrow transmission system like
along roads.
Advantage:
o Low concentration of equipment at TX
point.
o Frequency planning is easier.
Disadvantage:
o High capacity requires near TX end
o One link failure affects all sites after that
link.
o Extended bandwidth
TX Point or BSC end
BTS End or Single Point

Star Topology
This type of topology is suitable small
surrounded network such as city urban area.
Advantage:
o Independent link for BTS
o One link failure do not affect many link.
Disadvantage:
o Require Clear LOS
o High concentration of equipment at TX
point.
o Difficult frequency planning.
o Require large space for antennas mounting.
TX Point or BSC end

Tree Topology
This type of topology is suitable for small or

medium surrounded network such as city
urban area.
Advantage:
o Independent link for BTS
o Short hop distance and so require small
antenna system.
o Easy to find LOS
o Frequency reuses is easier.
Disadvantage:
o One link failure may affects many link
o High concentration of equipment at TX
point.
1+1 hop for protection 1+1 protection may be implemented for high
capacity link.
TX Point or BSC end

Ring Topology
This type of topology is normally used in
metropolitan area where high availability of
network is required.
Advantage:
o Traffic can be rerouted easily if any link
fails.
o Easy to monitor from Management
System.
Disadvantage:
o Every site must be connected with it’s two
neighbors sites.
o High bandwidth required.
o MUX equipment is required for digital
cross connection.
TX Point or BSC end

Transmission System
ILA OTM
Backbone OXC OTM
OADM OADM
Network OADM OTM ILA
Metropolitan ADM
ADM REG ADM
Network ADM
ADM
ADM ADM
Access ADM TM
ADM
Network ADM
STM-1
PDH
End-user BTS
BTS
BTS V.28 SWS 1/0
SWS 1/0
Network
BTS V.11
BTS BTS
G.703

Media of Transmission
Microwave, Fiber Optic, Satellites, Coaxial cable
COAXIAL CABLE
R F LINK
HIGHER HIGHER
ORDER ORDER
MULTI- MULTI-
PLEXER PLEXER
SATELLITE
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Media of Transmission
What are the differences between Transmission and Transport?
Transmission is the physical layer e.g. PDH or SDH (Layer 1 in the OSI model)
whatever the transmission media might be.
Transport is then the second layer (Layer 2) where you are using e.g. ATM or
Ethernet. Maybe one should consider even the IP Layer (Layer 3) as transport
layer.

Microwave Link Theory
General Configuration

Conversion Power dBm - mW - W
dBM Watts Vs. dBM

0 +40
-10 +30
-20 +20
-30 +10
-40 0
1 mW 10 mW 100 mW 1W 10W
100nW 1m W 10mW 10mW 10mW

Power Level in a Fading free condition
GTX GRX
Antenna Gain Antenna Gain
Power
Level
A = Free Space Loss

PTX Output Power Gas Absorption
(Obstacle Loss)
PRX Input Power
BER Receiver Threshold
Distance
Fade Margin
Power
Level
A = Free Space Loss

PTX Output Power Gas Absorption
(Obstacle Loss)
PRX Input Power
M = Fading margin
Receiver Threshold (BER=10-3, BER=10-6)
Distance
The performance of the system is affected by the path conditions
The fading margin is designed in order to overcome the loss aroused due to fading
condition.

Free Space Loss
Basic Free space loss calculation
A [dB]= 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
Where d = distance in km
f = frequency in GHz
A = 92.4 + 20 log 30 + 20 log 15 = 145 dB

Budget Link

Gas Absorption

Gas Absorption

Radio wave propagation
Refracted
Direct
Reflected
Propagation Technique
Free space propagation

Refraction
Reflection and scattering
Diffraction
Absorption

k- Factor
Earth radius factor, k-factor is a parameter which describes the refractivity of the lower atmosphere. It depends on
temperature difference, humidity difference and air pressure difference for two different elevations

k- Factor

Earth Bulge

Fresnel Zone

Rain Attenuation
Percentage
of time A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q
(%)
0.011 < 8.8 12.5 15.5 19.5 22. 28. 30 32 35 42. 160 163 195 145 115

Rain Attenuation

Rain Attenuation
As raindrops increase
in size, they get more
extended in the Horizontal
direction, and therefore 1mm
will attenuate horizontal 1.5mm
polarization more than
vertical polarization
2.0mm 2.5mm

Hop Calculation

Fading
3 fading mechanisms can be considered in the microwave planning process: flat fading and frequency
selective fading and rain fading.
Rain fading affects the availability (UATR) of the link

Flat fading affects the quality (SESR, SER, BBER) of the link
Frequency selective fading affects the quality (SESR, SER, BBER) of the
link

Rain fading
The extent of the attenuation due to rain is primarily a function of the form and the size distribution of the
raindrops. Rain events are statistically predictable with reasonable accuracy if short-integration or
instantaneously rain measurements are available. Models that are based on measured cumulative
distributions of rain events are currently employed in the prediction of the probability that a certain fade
margin will be exceeded.

Multipath fading

Flat fading

Flat fading

Frequency Selective fading
Frequency selective fading implies amplitude and group delay distortions across the channel bandwidth.
It affects particularly medium and high capacity radio links (> 32 Mbit/s).
Normalization exponent (n): this

parameter gives the exponent of a typical
relationship (empirical) for the path echo
delay. The value of the normalization
exponent is in the range of 1.3 and 1.5. It
is recommended to use 1.5.

The equipment signature is a measure of the receiver's capability to
Frequency Selective fading suppress the time-delayed signal. The signature is therefore the level of the
signal that is necessary to obtain a certain BER (currently referred to 10-3
and/or 10-6) in the presence of an interfering signal with a pre-defined
delay. This capability is measured in• the laboratory.
Signature width: It is defined as
the difference between the highest
and lowest notch frequency.
• Signature depth (height): This
parameter is also known as “notch
depth” and gives how insensitive
the receiver is to changes in the
phase difference of the direct and
indirect signal for keeping a certain
BER constant.
• Time delay: It is the time delay
between the direct and indirect
signals. A time delay of 6.3 s is
normally applied in laboratory
measurements.
• Mean relative delay (Tm0): This
parameter expresses the mean
value of the relative delay (paths
are relative to a standard length of
50 km). Typical values for the
mean relative delay are in the range
of 0.5 ns and 1.0 ns. It is
recommended to use 0.7 ns.
Fading
Planning advices
• Horizontal paths give most flat fading.
• Multipath fading (flat or frequency selective) is the dominating fading mechanism for microwave
equipment in the frequency bands between 4 GHz and 13 GHz.
• Increasing path inclination normally reduces the effects of flat fading.
• Reducing path clearance will reduce the effect of flat fading because risk for multipath propagation is
decreased. However, this technique may increase the risk for refraction-diffraction fading.
• Multipath fading is more likely on path across flat ground than on paths over rough terrain.
• Multipath fading is normally more active over bodies of water (lakes, sea, etc) than over land.
• Multipath fading is normally most active during early and late summer (late spring and early autumn),
commonly during sunrise and sunset.
•Calm weather favors atmospheric stratification and that increases multipath fading activities.

Space Diversity
Space diversity is a countermeasure against possible reflections on the ground or on near ground
diffraction layers. A spacing of 200*λ can be assumed, the exact spacing will be defined during path
survey.

Space Diversity Improvement
I = Improvement factor

Hardware Unavailability
UATR objectives given by the ITU-R shall account for unavailability due to radiowave propagation and
hardware failure (N).


Example

Quality & Availability Objectives
The required planning objectives for designing each radio hop or radio networks are:
•Transmission Quality
•Hop Availability




Objective Planning
ITU-T G.827 differentiates between:
• Long-term outages (duration>10s, caused by rain, hardware failure, etc. )

These outages are counted for the unavailability
• Short-term outages (duration <10s, caused by multipath fading during available times)
Short term outages describe Quality in SESR per worst month

Long term outages describe Non Availability in UATR per year
Quality for PDH-hops is planned in accordance to ITU-R recommendations based on Rec. ITU-T G.826.
Quality for SDH-hops is planned in accordance to ITU-R recommendations based on Rec. ITU-T G.828.
The respective ITU-R recommendation is F.1668.
Availability/unavailability for PDH/SDH-hops or PDH/SDH-chains is planned in accordance to ITU-R

recommendations based on Rec. ITU-T G.827. The respective ITU-R recommendation is F.1703.
Note that the Q&AV objectives for Access, Short haul and Long haul are different. The terms Access,
Short Haul and Long Haul are not related to the real hop length.

HRP: Hypothetical Reference Path

Objective Planning
The quality (ESR, SESR and BBER) objectives employed in this project follow Rec. ITU-R F.1668
(based on Rec. ITU-T G.826) while the unavailability objectives (UATR) follow Rec. ITU-R F.1703
(based on Rec. ITU-T G.827).
The application assumes the paths being located in the access part of the national portion of the HRP
(Hypothetical Reference Path).
Quality for hops is planned in accordance to ITU-R recommendations based on Rec. ITU-T G.826.
The respective ITU-R recommendation is F.1668:
Bit rate (Mbps)

1.5-5 >5-15 >15-55 >55-160 >160-400
0.0032 0.0040 0.0060 0.0128 Not applicable
ESR
0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016
SESR
0.000016 0.000016 0.000016 0.000016 0.000008
BBER
The value for the unavailability for each access chain, NOT per path (based on Rec. ITU-R F.1703)
:
AT = 0.9995 (99.95%) then UATR = 0.0005

Objective Planning
Quality parameter (SESR and BBER) normally dominates for frequencies 7/8-13 GHz, while
unavailability
(UATR) dominates for frequencies 23-38 GHz. For 15 and 18 GHz the three parameters overlap
SESR SESR
SESR SESR
BBER BBER UATR UATR UATR UATR UATR
BBER BBER
UATR UATR
7/8 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz
Definitions
Quality is expressed by SESR, SER & BBER and expressed in ratio not in percentage.
Availability is expressed by UATR. UATR is for both wave propagation & hardware failure.
(défaillance)
Performance calculate the prediction fading and is defined as the probability that the BER > 10-6 (by
year or /worst month). It’s expressed in percentage.
ES (Errored Second): defined as a second with at least 1 errored bit.

SES (Several Errored Second): Errored Second with BER > 10-3 (at least 1 errored bit from 1000 bits)
UAT (Unavailable Time): defined as a 10 consecutive SES.
Frequency Planning
Frequency Sub-Band
TX 21952.00 MHz RX
TX frequency of one end must be same of RX
frequency of the other end.
Duplex Distance:
Frequency range between TX and RX
23002.00 MHz
RX TX frequency
Channel Spacing:
Frequency range between two adjacent
channels
21.6 GHz 23.6 GHz
Frequency Band used by Grameen Phone
Duplex (1050 7GHz, 8GHz, 11GHz, 15GHz, 23GHz, 38GHz

MHz)
Frequency Planning
Channel Spacing and Bandwidth

1.75 MHz 3.5 MHz
2x2 Mbit/s (3.5 MHz)

21952.00 MHz
3.5 MHz 7 MHz
4X2 Mbit/s (7 MHz)

21953.75 MHz
7 MHz 14 MHz
8X2 Mbit/s (14 MHz)
21957.25 MHz
14 MHz 28 MHz
16X2 Mbit/s (28 MHz)

21964.25 MHz

Frequency Planning
Channel Spacing and Bandwidth
3.5 MHz 7 MHz
4X2 Mbit/s (7 MHz)

21953.75 MHz
7 MHz 14 MHz
8X2 Mbit/s (14 MHz)
21957.25 MHz
14 MHz 28 MHz
16X2 Mbit/s (28 MHz)

21964.25 MHz

ATPC & RTPC
ATPC (Automatic Transmit Power Control) and RTPC

(Remote Transmit Power Control) allow repeated reuse of the
same frequencies in different directions, in the network node. It
also reduces the effects of co-channel and adjacent channel
interference in networks with high traffic density. When
possible, the transmit power is reduced by up to 20dB below its
maximum value.

Frequency Planning
Far Interference
Carrier
Interferer
Inter
ferer
Carrier
Definition of Far Interference in Microwave Networks

• An interfering signal originates from a transmitter other than
the one generating the carrier.
• The presence of interfering signal(s) will degrade the threshold level
of the receiver and thereby degrade the fading margin.
• An interfering signal can be the same or an adjacent frequency to
the wanted signal, the carrier.

Frequency Planning
Sub-band allocation
LOW LOW
HIGH LOW

Frequency Planning
Sub-band allocation
LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW

Frequency Planning
Threshold degradation, D Received interferer
power level [dBm]
Given from the linkbudget
of the interfering path.
Threshold degradation [dB] Nominal receiver threshold level [dBm]

for BER 10E-6 for BER 10E-6. Given from datasheet.
(
D = 10 log 1 + 0.5 Σ 10
(Pi + CIR – Th) / 10
)
Carrier to Interferer Ratio [dB]

The sum of all contributing for 3dB degradation of the receiver
interfering signals threshold level for BER 10E-6.
Given from datasheet for the receiver at
the actual frequency separation, modulation types
and bandwidths of carrier and interferer.

Frequency Planning
Interference Calculation, Pi
Link budget of Interfering path at Co-polarization
ARxWG ARxPS
Pi Angle
Vertical polarization
GARx
A0 A
Vertica PL
l polari
zation ATxWG ATxPS
GATx PTx
Co-polarization
Pi = PTxi + GA – A0 - AG - APL - AWG - APS
Pi Strength of interfering signal

PTxi Output power of interfering transmitter
GA Sum of Tx and Rx antenna gain = G ATx + GARx
A0 Free space loss in the interfering path A Link budget for an Interfering path holds exactly
AG Gas absorption the same parameters as a Link budget for a Carrier.
APL Obstacle loss in the interfering path
AWG,APS Wave guide and Power splitter loss (if any)

Frequency Planning
RPE diagram (0.6m Compact HP, 23GHz) example
30
Radiation Pattern Envelope
co-polar
60 degrees 25
cross-polar
20
15
10
5
Co-polarization
0
Gain (dBi)
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Angle of azimuth relative to main beam axis (degrees)

Frequency Planning
RPE diagram (0.6m Compact HP, 23GHz) example
f = 23GHz
Site F PTx = 20dBm
Antenna: 0.6m HP
d=2 GATx = 40dBi
60° 0km
X-pol discrimination = 27dB
0° Disregard Gas absorption
Site A
30
co-polar
25
cross-polar
Site D 20
15
10
Co-polarization
0.6m HP antenna
Co-polarisation: Pi =________dBm Gain (dBi) 5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Frequency Planning
Link budget of Interfering path at Cross-polarization
V-pol. V-pol.
Horizon
H-pol. tal pola
ri zation
V-pol
H-pol.
An antenna will in both Tx and Rx direction

hold a cross polarized component.
H-pol The difference in gain between Co
and Cross polarized is called
Cross polar discrimination, XPD.

Frequency Planning
RPE diagram (0.6m Compact High Performance 23GHz)
30
Radiation Pattern Envelope
co-polar
60 degrees 25
cross-polar
20
15
10
5
Co-polarization
0
0.6m HP antenna
Gain (dBi)
-5
-10
Cross-
-15
polarization
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Frequency Planning
Link budget of Interfering path at Cross-polarization
Pi Angle
GATxCo + GARxCross
Horizon GATxCross + GARxCo
tal pola
ri zation
Link budget
Pi = PTxi + GA - A0 - APL - AWG - APS
Sum of antenna gain at Cross-polarization

(GATxCo + GARxCross) / 10 (GATxCross + GARxCo) / 10
GA = 10 log ( 10 + 10 )

Frequency Planning
Cross-polarization
Calculate Pi at Site F from Site A f = 23GHz

Site F PTx = 20dBm
(we assume free Line of Sight).
Antenna: 0.6m Compact HP
d=2 GATx = 40dBi
60° 0km
X-pol discrimination = 27dB
0° Disregard Gas absorption
Site A
30
co-polar
25
cross-polar
Site D 20
15
10
Co-polarization
5 0.6m HP antenna
Co-polarisation: Pi =________dBm Gain (dBi) 0
-5
-10
Cross-
-15 polarization
-20
-25
Cross-polarisation: Pi = _______dBm -30
-35
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1

XPIC
Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC)
Microwave signals can be transmitted in two separate and independent (orthogonal) polarizations,
vertical and horizontal. The signals can be transmitted at the same time using one dual polarized
antenna. The wanted polarization is called co-polarization and the unwanted/interference polarization
is called cross-polarization.
Even though the polarizations are orthogonal there is a small interference between them, in the
antennas and due to propagation effects over the hop. The effect of this interference needs to be
cancelled out with the XPIC functionality
In XPIC, each polarization path receives both the polar signal and the cross-polar signal. The receiver
subtracts the cross-polar signal from the polar signal and cancels the cross-polar interference. XPIC
processes and combines the signals from the two receiving paths to recover the original, independent
signals.
V+h
ODU ODU
ODU
ODU
H+v
XPIC Algorithm is implemented in the modems
XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) is needed to cancel alternate polarization

interference and to allow high reliability operation of V and H channels in co-channel (CCAP)

Transmission Hop
Terminals
Terminal consists of HOP = 2 Terminals (Tx+Rx)
Indoor Unit: Traffic Related
Outdoor Unit: Frequency Related
Coaxial cable/ Waveguide: Interconnection

Hop Configuration
Unprotected terminal
1+0
Protected terminal
1+1

Protected System
Hot Stand-by and Space Diversity
f1
f1
TX RX

Protected System
Single Antenna system HSB or WSB
f1 or (f1+ f2)

Protected System
Power Splitter
• The power splitter is available in two versions:

- Asymmetrical power splitter – mainly used for 1+1 “hot standby” configurations
(hardware protection only). The splitter provides one “main channel” with 1.5 dB
attenuation and one “standby channel” with 7 dB attenuation.
- Symmetrical power splitter – mainly used for 1+1 “working standby” or 2+0
configurations (hardware protection and frequency diversity). The splitter provides
equal attenuation, 3.5 dB in both channels.
• Even if Asymmetrical power splitters are normally used for 1+1 Hot Standby, a
Symmetrical power splitter may be used if a lower system gain can be accepted.
Rx1 = RX (without splitter) – 1.5 (Attenuation in Rx) - 1.5 (Attenuation in Tx)

Rx2 = RX (without splitter) – 6.7 (Attenuation in Rx) - 1.5 (Attenuation in Tx of the main radio)

Protected System
Power Splitter
Hot-standby with single polarized antenna
In hot-standby configuration the transmitters and receivers operate at the same

frequency, that is, no frequency diversity improvement is applicable, see Figure ,
in which only the green transmitter is in operation while the red is on standby-by.
The green receivers are on operation. See figure.
Two options of power splitter are available:

Option a - asymmetrical power splitter: In normal operation (during failure free
condition) the total attenuation is 3.0 dB (1.5 dB + 1.5 dB). Tx or Rx failure gives
8.5 dB (1.5 dB + 7.0 dB) during repair time. Tx and Rx failures give 14 dB (7.0
dB + 7.0 dB) during repair time.
Option b - symmetrical power splitter: In normal operation (during failure free
7.0 dB (3.5 dB + 3.5 dB) during repair time. Tx and Rx failures give 7 dB (3.5 dB
+ 3.5 dB) during repair time.

Protected System
Power Splitter
Figure Hot-standby configuration. The green transmitter is in operation while the red is on hot-
standby. Green receivers are on operation.

Protected System
Power Splitter
Working-standby with single polarized antenna
In working-standby with single polarized antennas two frequency channels are

assigned and both transmitters and receivers are operating; Tx1 and Rx1 using
frequency f1 as well as Tx2 and Rx2 using frequency f2. Reduced frequency
diversity improvement is attainable. It is reduced because if Tx and Rx failure,
then traffic interruption during repair time will take place. Both green transmitters
and receivers are in operation. See figure.
Two options of power splitter are available:

Option a - asymmetrical power splitter: In normal operation (during failure free
14 dB (7.0 dB + 7.0 dB) during repair time. Tx and Rx (1 and 2) failures give
traffic interruption during repair time.
Option b - symmetrical power splitter: In normal operation (during failure free
7.0 dB (3.5 dB + 3.5 dB) during repair time. Tx and Rx (1 and 2) failures give
traffic interruption during repair time.
Protected System
Power Splitter
Figure: Working-standby configuration. Both green transmitters and receivers are in operation.
Tx1/Rx1 using frequency f1 and Tx2/Rx2 using frequency f2.

Protected System
WSB and Frequency Diversity
f1
Alarm
f2
TX RX
No TX Switching, only RX switching

Antenna
Large antenna
Low frequency
Advantage:
Long range
Interference suppression
High Antenna Gain
Small antenna
High frequency
Advantage:
Less wind load
Less visibility
Lower cost for the antenna
and the installation
Disadvantage:
Low gain
Vulnerable to interference
Antenna
With radom
”Standard”
Absorbing material
(high performance)
”High
performance”

Antenna

Modulation
PSK: Phase is changed in modulator
QAM: Phase and Amplitude both are changed .

Modulation Cont….
C-QPSK
• QPSK four phases 0, 90,180 and 270 degrees.

• Two symbols per bit can be transmitted. Each
symbol’s phase is compared relative to the
previous symbol.
• If there is no phase shift (0 degrees), the bits
“00” are represented. If there is a phase shift
of 180 degrees, the bits “11” are represented.
Modulation: Technique how intelligent signal is transmitted over carrier signal

Modulation Cont….
Comparison of Different Modulation Techniques

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
• One frame thus contains one octet of

each of the carried channels.
• A frame is transmitted 8000 times each
second, yielding a
8* 32 * 8000 = 2 048 000 bps or
2.048 Mbps
• The corresponding T1 frame used in
USA contains 24 speech channels with
8-bit coding and 1 framing bit.
{(8*24)+1}*8000=1544000 bps or
A typical Plesiochronous Drop & Insert 1.544 Mbps
• A multi-frame is a series of consecutive
frames (16 in Europe, 12 in USA).

PDH Standard (Hierarchy)
Japan
Europe North America
565Mb/s 400Mb/s
274Mb/s
×4 ×4
E4 139Mb/s 100Mb/s
×6
×4 45Mb/s ×3
E3 34Mb/s 32Mb/s
×4 ×7 ×5
E2 8Mb/s 6.3Mb/s 6.3Mb/s
×4 ×4 ×4
E1 2 Mb/s 1.5Mb/s 1.5Mb/s
E0 64Kb/s
NO Global Standard

PDH Hierarchy (European Standard)
• The first PDH multiplex level is

E1, containing (as noted before, 30
channels and 2 control channels),
2.048 Mbps.
• The second PDH multiplex level is

E2, containing four E1multiplexes.
– The bit rate is 8.448 Mbps,
containing frames of 1056bits, (4
*256 bits for the multiplexes and 4
* 8 bits for justification and frame
alignment).
• The third PDH multiplex level, E3

i) a = E1 = 2.048 Mbps contains four E2 multiplexes
ii) b = E2 = 8.448 Mbps (called tributaries).
iii) c = E3 = 34.368 Mbps
iv) d = E4 = 139.264 Mbps • The fourth PDH multiplex level,
E4 contains four E3 multiplexes.

Limitations of PDH
140/34Mbit/s 34/140Mbit/s
Optical
optical
Optical
electrical
de multiplex
signal
multiplex
signal
/ 34/8Mbit/s DD 8/34Mbit/s
F /
electrical
optical
de multiplex
multiplex
de multiplex
multiplex
8/2Mbit/s 2/8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Lack of performance monitoring and management

Less Flexibility
Weak O&M features ----> no Overheads

SDH Global Standard
PDH SDH
STM-1
North American
STM-4
European
STM-16
Japan
STM-64
Non Unified Unified
International Interface International
Interface

SDH Hierarchy
Level Speed (Mbps) Capacity (No of E1)
STM-1 155.520 63
STM-4 622.080 252
STM-16 2488.320 1008
STM-64 9953.280 4032

Elements of SDH
• Container (C)
• Virtual Container (VC)
• Tributary Unit (TU)
• Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
• Administrative Unit (AU)
• Administrative Unit Group (AUG)
• Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM – N)

Elements of SDH
Container
Input signals are placed into the containers It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals, which
compensates for the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and the PDH
signal
Virtual Container
It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units, that provides facilities for
supervision and maintenance of the end to end paths e.g. VC12 (C12 + POH)
VCs carry information end to end between two path access points through the SDH system.
We can say VC is the payload entity that travels across the network.

Elements of SDH
Tributary Unit
It adds pointers to the VCs e.g. TU12 (VC12 + pointer)
This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for phase differences within the SDH
network and also for the frequency deviations between the SDH networks
TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer and higher order path layer
Tributary Unit Group
It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed together. e.g. 3 TU-12s (TUG – 2)

Elements of SDH
Administrative Unit
It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers similar to the tributary unit

e.g. AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer)
Administrative Unit Group
It defines a group of administrative units that are

multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal.
Synchronous Transport Module
This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N signal

C12 VC12 TU12 TUG2 TUG3 VC4 AU4
(3 TU12) STM-1
(7 TU2)
Main data bus

Elements of SDH
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM – N signal ( Details)

Elements of SDH
E 1 2.048 Mbps ( 32 bytes)

E1
2.048 Mbps 1 2 3 32
(E1) 32 Bytes
C12 34 bytes ( including 2 stuffing bytes )
Stuffing Bytes
C-12 1 23 32
34 Bytes
35 bytes ( including 1 POH of lower order )

VC12
POH (Lower Order)
VC-12 1 23 32
35 Bytes

Elements of SDH
36 bytes ( including 1 Pointer)

TU12
Pointer
TU-12
36 Bytes
We can arrange the TU12 in the matrix form 9x4
9 Rows
4 Columns

Elements of SDH
Now 3 TU12 gives 1 TUG2
TU-12 TU-12 TU-12
9 Rows
4 Columns 4 Columns 4 Columns

Multiplexing
TUG-2 9 Rows
12 Columns

Elements of SDH
7 TU2 gives 1 TUG3
9 X 86
84 columns 2 stuffing bytes
7 TUG-2s
X 7 TUG-2 TUG-3(multiplexing)
Stuffing Bytes
TUG 3
84 Columns
86 Columns
Elements of SDH
3 TUG3 gives 1 VC4
9 X 261
2 stuffing bytes
HOPOH
AU 4 ( adding pointer )
AU Pointer 9 X 261
(4th ROW)
9 Columns

Elements of SDH
STM-1 frame structure
1-3 rows RSOH

4th row AU Pointer
PAY LOAD
5-9 rows MSOH
9 Columns 261 Columns
270 Columns

Elements of SDH
Over head details
Y Y 1 1

Microwave Propagation Basics & Planning

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Microwave Propagation Basics & Planning

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Microwave Propagation basics & Planning

EMO/Access Service Delivery 1

1. Transmission Network Topology

EMO/Access Service Delivery 2

This type of network is suitable for long

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

EMO/Access Service Delivery 3

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

EMO/Access Service Delivery 4

This type of topology is suitable for small or

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

EMO/Access Service Delivery 5

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

EMO/Access Service Delivery 6

EMO/Access Service Delivery 7

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

EMO/Access Service Delivery 8

What are the differences between Transmission and Transport?

EMO/Access Service Delivery 9

EMO/Access Service Delivery 10

dBM Watts Vs. dBM

100nW 1m W 10mW 10mW 10mW

EMO/Access Service Delivery 11

A = Free Space Loss

BER Receiver Threshold

A = Free Space Loss

Receiver Threshold (BER=10-3, BER=10-6)

EMO/Access Service Delivery 13

Free Space Loss

Basic Free space loss calculation

A [dB]= 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

A = 92.4 + 20 log 30 + 20 log 15 = 145 dB

EMO/Access Service Delivery 14

EMO/Access Service Delivery 15

EMO/Access Service Delivery 16

EMO/Access Service Delivery 17

Radio wave propagation

Free space propagation

EMO/Access Service Delivery 18

EMO/Access Service Delivery 19

EMO/Access Service Delivery 20

EMO/Access Service Delivery 21

EMO/Access Service Delivery 22

EMO/Access Service Delivery 23

EMO/Access Service Delivery 24

EMO/Access Service Delivery 25

EMO/Access Service Delivery 26

Rain fading affects the availability (UATR) of the link

EMO/Access Service Delivery 27

EMO/Access Service Delivery 28

EMO/Access Service Delivery 29

EMO/Access Service Delivery 30

EMO/Access Service Delivery 31

Normalization exponent (n): this

EMO/Access Service Delivery 32

• Horizontal paths give most flat fading.

• Increasing path inclination normally reduces the effects of flat fading.

EMO/Access Service Delivery 34

EMO/Access Service Delivery 35