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Computer Science and Office
Computer Science and Office
Office
History of Computer Development
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) was the first electronic general-
purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital,
and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full
range of computing problems. It was publicly
announced on February 14, 1946.
ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200
crystal diodes and around 5 million hand-soldered
joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons, took up
1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150 kW of
power.
ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) 1940
The Atanasoff computer was approximately the size
of a large desk. It had approximately 270 vacuum
tubes. Two hundred and ten tubes controlled the
arithmetic unit, 30 tubes controlled the card reader
and card punch, and the remaining tubes helped
maintain charges in the condensers.
Limitation: It was slow, required constant operator
monitoring, and was not programmable.
Computer Generations
1st. (1946-1957 ) Vacuum
2nd. (1958-1964 ) Transistor(Programming
languages appeared)
3rd.( 1965-1970 ) Integrated Circuits
4th.( 1971 - ) VLSI…
The trend…
Performance:
Size:
Multimedia:
Communication:
Price:
Performance
ENIAC: 3000-5000 additions per second 1946
IBM Watson: 80 teraflops 2011
1 Teraflops= one trillion floating point operations per
second
Supercomputers are computers that are at the frontline of
current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation.
Supercomputers are used for scientific and engineering
problems (DNA/A-bomb Simulation), while mainframes are
used for transaction processing.
Mainframe computers are powerful computers used
primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for
critical applications.
Workstation is a high-end computer designed for technical or
scientific applications, intended primarily to be used by one
person at a time.
Microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as
its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor,
memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.
What’s computer for…
Scientific calculation…
Information processing…
Automatic controls…
Artificial intelligence…
DNA computing is a form of computing which
uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology,
instead of the traditional silicon-based computer
technologies.
DNA computing, or, more generally, biomolecular
computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area.
A quantum computer is a computation device that
makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena,
such as superposition and entanglement, to perform
operations on data.
Digital systems
Decimal system: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ten digits
Binary system: 0,1 two digits
Octal system: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 eight digits
Hexadecimal system: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
(10111.01)2==1×24+0×23+1×22+1×21+1×20+
0×2-1+1×2-2
Binary to Decimal
( 1100101.101)2=1×26+1×25+0×24+0×23+1×22+0×21
+1×20+1×2-1+0×2-2+1×2-3
=64+32+0+0+4+0+1+0.5+0.125=(101.625)10
Convert (1011010.1101)2
Decimal to Binary
Integer part: divided by two
Fractional part: multiplied by two
(66.625)10
(66)10=(1000010)2
(0.625)10=(0.101)2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award
Edsger W. Dijkstra: a principal contributor in the late
1950s to the development of the ALGOL, a high
level programming language which has become a
model of clarity and mathematical rigor. He is one of
the principal proponents of the science and art of
programming languages in general, and has greatly
contributed to our understanding of their structure,
representation, and implementation.
Donald E. Knuth: Knuth has been called the "father"
of the analysis of algorithms. He contributed to the
development of the rigorous analysis of the
computational complexity of algorithms and
systematized formal mathematical techniques for it.
Edgar F. Codd: invented the relational model for
database management, the theoretical basis
for relational database.
IBM
An American technology and consulting corporation headquartered
in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells
computer hardware and software, from mainframe computers
to nanotechnology.