Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Substrate Utilization
dS X m S X
rS
dt YX / S K S S YX / S
• Chemostat - CSTR - continuous stirred tank reactor for the cultivation of cells.
– mixing supplied by impellers and rising gas bubbles
– assume complete mixing - composition of any phases do not vary with position
– liquid effluent has the same composition as the reactor contents
Mass Balance on Chemostat
Acc = in - out + gen - cons
dci
VR Fcif Fci VR rfi
dt
– VR - reactor volume
– F - volumetric flow rate of feed and effluent streams (they are
equal)
– ci - concentration of component i in the reactor
– cif - concentration of component i in the influent or feed stream
• If we have a steady state reactor - no changes in composition with time
then and
dci
0
dt
• Define as the dilution rate -
F
r fi ( ci c if )
V
– reciprocal of the mean holding or residence time
– detention timeR
F 1
• For cell mass, if we assume a sterile feed: D
ci = X and Xf = 0 and VR
rx = X then X = DX
D= at SS
Chemostat with Monod Kinetics
mS KS
D S
KS S m m 1
• The above equations only holds if mmax >1
• If mmax < 1 or D>
– washout of the cells occurs
– Cells leave the reactor faster than they are dividing.
mS f
Dmax Near washout the reactor is very sensitive to
KS S f variations in D
• Small change in D large shifts in X and/or S
•If max = 0.5 hr-1 then D< 0.4 hr-1
Intracellular Product Formation
-Chemostat
dci
VR Fcif Fci VR rfi
dt
• Steady State and ci = P
D Pf P YP / X X 0
• If Pf = 0
YP / X X
P
D
Substrate Balance on Chemostat -
Intracellular Product
dci
VR Fcif Fci VR rfi
dt
• If ci = S
1 dS
FS 0 FS VR X VR
YX / S dt
• At Steady State
X
D S 0 S X YX / S S 0 S
YX / S
• With Monod
Ks D
X YX / S S 0
m D
Chemostat with Extracellular
Product
• Cell Mass Balance
dX
VR FX 0 FX VR X
dt
D
• Substrate Balance
1 1 dS
FS 0 FS VR X VR q P X VR
YX / S YX / P dt
F, X0 F, X2
V, X1
F+FR, X1
FR, XR
F, X0 F, X2
V, X1
F+FR, X1
Chemostat with Recycle cont.
Define Substitutions
= FR/F • F + FR = (1 + )F
recycle ratio • FRXR term
C = XR /X1 concentration FR = F
factor
XR = CX1
FRXR = CFX1
dX 1
F X0 + FR XR - (F+ FR) X1 + VX1 = V
dt
dX 1
F X0 + CFX1- (1 + )F X1 + VX1 = V
dt
Recycle cont
• Assume
– steady state dX
= 01 Chemostat can be
dt operated at higher
– sterile feed X0 = 0 dilution rates than the
Then specific growth rate
(C - 1 -)F + V = 0 when cell recycle is
If D = F/V for recycle used.
= D(1+ (1 -C))
if C > 1 (concentration of cells) then (1 - C) < 0
then < D
Substrate balance - Recycle
X 1 dS
FS0 FS V (1 ) FS V
YX / S dt
• At Steady state and substituting for
D YX / S ( S 0 S )
X 1 YX / S ( S 0 S )
(1 C )
Recycle Substrate cont.
• Assuming Monod
K S D(1 C )
S
max D(1 C )
YX / S K S D(1 C )
X1 S0
(1 C ) max D(1 C )
In Class Exercise -
• Consider a 1000 L CSTR in which biomass is being
produced with glucose as the substrate. The
microbial system follows a Monod relations with
m = 0.4 hr –1, KS = 1.5 g/L, and yield factor = 0.5
g/g. If S0 = 10g/L glucose and F = 100 L/h:
– What is the specific biomass production rate (g/l-h) at
SS?
– If recycle is used with a recycle stream of 10 L/h and a
recycle biomass concentration five times as large as that
in the reactor exit, what would be the new specific
biomass production rate?
Chemostat in Series
F, S0 F’, S’0
V1, X1,
F, S1, X1
S1
V2, X2,
S2
F2, S2, X2
Chemostat in Series
(no additional feed)
• First stage (assuming Monod)
K S 1 D1
S1
m1 D1
X 1 YX / S S 0 S1
• Second Stage
dX 2
FX 1 FX 2 V2 2 X 2 V2
dt
Chemostat in Series cont.
• At Steady State
X1
2 D2 1
X2
X1
1, 2 D2
X2
• Substrate Balance
1 dS
FS1 FS 2 V2 2 X 2 V2
YX / S dt
Chemostat in series
• At Steady State
2 X 2
S 2 S1
D2 YX / S
1 dS
F1S1 F ' S ( F1 F ' ) S 2 V2 2 X 2
'
0 V2
YX / S dt
• At steady state the two equations can be
solved simultaneously for S2 and V2
• Major advantage is to separate production
from growth
In Class Example – 9.2
• In a two stage chemostat system, the volumes of the first and
second reactors are 500 L and 300 L respectively. The first reactor
is used for biomass production and the second is for a secondary
metabolite formation. The feed flow rate to the first reactor is F =
100 L/h, and the glucose concentration is 5.0 g/L. Use the
following constants for the cells.
m = 0.3 h-1, Ks = 0.1 g/L Y X/S= 0.4 g/g
• Determine the cell and glucose concentrations after the first stage.
• Assume that growth is negligible in the second stage and the
specific rate of product formation is qP = 0.02 gP/g cell hr, and Y P/S
= 0.6 gP/gS. Determine the product and substrate concentrations in
the effluent of the second reactor.
Fed Batch Reactor
• Reactor Design Equation
V dN A
FA0 FA rA dV
dt
• No outflow FA = 0
• Good Mixing rA dV
term out of the integral
dN A d C A V
FA0 rA V
dt dt
Fed Batch Continued
• Convert the mass (NA) to concentration. Applying
integration by parts yields
dC A dV
FA0 rAV V CA
• Since dt dt
dV
FA0
• Then dt
dC A
FA0 rAV V C A FA0
• Rearranging dt
dC A FA0 C A FA0
rA
dt V V
Fed Batch Continued
• Or dC A FA0
1 C A rA
dt V
d (Vci )
Vr fi F (t )c fi
dt
dV
F (t )
dt
dS t
X t
no substrate out
Substrate FS 0 (Flow out = 0)
balance dt YX / S
t
Cell dX
balance X t
dt
Fed batch cont.
• Quasi steady state for St – change in substrate
is very small in reactor and is consumed as
rapidly as fed
X t
FS 0
YX / S
t
dX
X FYX / S S 0
t
Integrating from t=0 to t
dt
X X 0 FYX / S S 0t
t t
Fed batch cont.
• Quasi steady state for St – change in substrate
is very small in reactor and is consumed as
rapidly as fed (then, dSt/dt = 0)
X t
FS0
YX / S
YX / S FS0
X
t
dX t
X t FYX / SS0 Integrating from t=0 to t
dt
X X 0 FYX / SS0 t
t t
Note, "t" was missing.
Fed batch cont.
X X FYX / SS0 t
t t
0