UNMSM – FIEE

E.P. INGENIERIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES

Introducción a las Telecomunicaciones

Ciclo 2019 1

25.03.19
Review on Fourier …
 Slides edited from:
• Prof. Brian L. Evans and Mr. Dogu
Arifler Dept. of Electrical and
Computer Engineering The University
of Texas at Austin course:
EE 313 Linear Systems and Signals
 Existence of the Fourier Series
• Existence T0
f  t  dt  

0

• Convergence for all t f  t    t

• Finite number of maxima and minima in one

period of f(t)
 Fourier Integral
 
G f    g  t  e  j 2 f t
X      x t  e  j  t dt
dt
 
 1 
g  t    G f  e j 2 f t
df x t    X    e j t
d
 2  
Communication Systems Signal Processing
• Conditions for the Fourier transform of g(t) to
exist (Dirichlet conditions):
x(t) is single-valued with finite maxima and minima in
any finite time interval
x(t) is piecewise continuous; i.e., it has a finite number of
discontinuities in any finite time interval

x(t) is absolutely integrable  g  t  dt  
 Fourier Transform
• What system properties does it possess?
 Memoryless
 Causal
 Linear
 Time-invariant
• What does it tell you about a signal?
• Answer: Measures frequency content
• What doesn’t it tell you about a signal?
• Answer: When those frequencies occurred in time
 Useful Functions
• Unit gate function (a.k.a. unit pulse function)
rect(x)  1
1 0 x
2
 1 1
rect x    x
x 2 2
-1/2 0 1/2 1 1
x
 2
• What does rect(x / a) look like?
• Unit triangle function
(x)  1
1  0 x
 x    2
1
1  2 x x
-1/2 0 1/2
x  2
 Useful Functions
• Sinc function
sin  x 
sinc x  
sinc(x) 1

x
How to compute sinc(0)?
x As x  0, numerator and
   0    denominator are both going
to 0. How to handle it?
– Even function
– Zero crossings at x   ,  2 ,  3 , ...
– Amplitude decreases proportionally to 1/x
 Fourier Transform Pairs
  t   jt  /2
F      rect  e dt   e  jt dt

   / 2

     
2 sin   sin  
  

j
e
1  j / 2
e 
j / 2


 2 
  2 
  
  sinc
2

 
 
 2 

f(t) F() 
1 F

t
-/2 0 /2     0   
     
Fourier Transform Pairs
From the sampling property of the impulse,

F   t      t  e  j  t dt  e  j 0t  1


f(t) = 1 F() = 2 ()

1 F (2)

t 
0 0

(2) means that the area under the spike is (2)

 Fourier Transform Pairs
1  1 j 0 t
F      0   
1
      0  e jt
d   e
2   2
1 j 0 t
e       0  or e j 0t       0 
2
1

Since cos  0t   e j 0t  e  j 0t
2

cos  0t         0        0  

f(t) F()
() ()
F
t 
0 0 0 0
 Fourier Transform Pairs
1 t 0
sgn  t    
 lim e  at u  t   e at u   t  
 1 t  0 a  0
sgn(t)
   
F  sgn  t   lim F e  at u  t   F e at u   t 
a 0
 1
t
 1 1 
 lim    -1
a  0 a  j a  j 
 
  2 j  2
 lim  2 
a 0 a   2 
  j
Fourier Transform Properties
Fourier vs. Laplace Transform Pairs
f(t) F(s) Region of Convergence F()
e-at u(t)  1  Re{s} > -Re{a} 1 
s+a j + a
e-a|t|  2a  -Re{a} < Re{s} < Re{a}  2a 
a2 – s2 2 + a2
(t) 1 complex plane 1
1 2(s) complex plane 2()
u(t) 1 Re{s} > 0 () + 1/(j
s
cos(0t) [( + 0) + ( – 0)]
sin(0t) j[( + 0) - ( – 0)]
eat u(t)  1  Re{s} > Re{a}
s-a

Assuming that Re{a} > 0

 Duality
• Forward/inverse transforms are similar
 1 
F     f  t  e  j t
dt f t   F    e j t
d
 2
f  t   F   F  t   2 f    
• Example: rect(t/)   sinc(  / 2)
– Apply duality  sinc(t /2)  2  rect(-/)
– rect(·) is even  sinc(t  /2)  2  rect(/)
f(t) F()



t
-/2 0 /2    0   
     
 Scaling
f  t   F  
• Same as Laplace
1  
transform scaling property f  at   F 
a a
|a| > 1: compress time axis, expand frequency axis
|a| < 1: expand time axis, compress frequency axis
• Effective extent in the time domain is inversely
proportional to extent in the frequency domain
(a.k.a bandwidth).
f(t) is wider  spectrum is narrower
f(t) is narrower  spectrum is wider
 Time-shifting Property
• Shift in time f  t  t0   e  j  t0 F   
– Does not change magnitude of the Fourier transform
– Does shift the phase of the Fourier transform by -t0
(so t0 is the slope of the linear phase)
Frequency-shifting Property
e j 0 t f  t   2 F    0 
e  j 0 t f  t   2 F     0 
1
cos 0t  f  t    F    0   F    0  
2
1 1
cos  0t  f  t   F     0   F    0 
2 2
1
sin  0t  f  t    jF    0   jF    0  
2
 
sin   0t  f  t    F    0   F    0 
j j
 Modulation
y  t   f  t  cos  0t 
Multiplication in the time domain is
convolution in the frequency domain :
1
Y    F           0        0  
2
Recall that

x  t     t       x  t    d  x  t 


x  t     t  t0       t0  x  t    d  x  t  t0 


So,
1 1
Y    F   0   F    0 
2 2
 Modulation F()

• Example: y(t) = f(t) cos(0 t) 1

f(t) is an ideal lowpass signal


Assume 1 << 0 - 0 

F
Y() F



- -  - +  0  -   + 
 

• Demodulation is modulation followed by

lowpass filtering
• Similar derivation for modulation with sin(0 t)
 Time Differentiation Property
• Conditions
f(t)  0, when |t|  
f(t) is differentiable
• Derivation of property:
Given f(t)  F()
From the chain rule, recall that
 u dv  u v -  v du
Let u  e  j  t and dv  df (t ),
so du   j e  j  t
  f  t  d  e j  t 

B   e j  t f  t 


t   
d 
Let B     F  f (t )   j 

f  t  e  j  t dt  j F   
 dt  

 df  t  df  t 
B    e  j  t dt  j F   
  dt dt

  e  j  t df  t  df n  t 
 n
  j  n
F  
dt
 Time Integration Property
Find  f  x  dx  ?
t

-

From the property of time convolution :


f  x  dx   f  x  u  t  x  dx
t

- -

 f  t   u t 
 1 
 F           
 j 
F  
  F  0     
j
Therefore,
F  
f  x  dx   F  0     
t

- j
 Summary
• Definition of Fourier Transform

F     f  t  e  j  t dt


• Two ways to find Fourier Transform

– Use definitions
– Use properties