007 Birth of The National Conciousness

Life and Works of Rizal
• Birth of National Consciousness
Source: Mr. Ray Obispo (MIDTERM LEARNING RESOURCES)

C. QUILANG
Birth of National Consciousness
National Consciousness
• A national consciousness is a shared sense of national identity and a
shared understanding that a people group shares a common ethnic,
linguistic or cultural background.
• Historically, a rise in national consciousness has been the first step
towards the creation of a nation.
• National consciousness binds together men of diverse castes and
creeds, clans and colors, and unites them into one people, one family,
one nation with common aspirations and ideals
• The Philippine experience in the formation of national identity had its
roots in the pre-hispanic period.
1. Foundation of Indigenous Culture
• Our racial origin and the types of cultures the early migrants brought to
the Philippines, have hypothesized that:
1. Our indigenous culture began do develop on the pre-historic and pre-
Christian eras
2. These early cultures ranged from the crude Old Stone Age to the
Metal Age with organized community life
3. The early settlers came from Borneo, Indo-China, South China and
other parts of Southeast Asia.
2. Unification of the country by Spain
• The more than three centuries of Spanish domination in the Philippines was one of the
longest in the Southeast Asia by a Western colonizer.
• In those times, they have done so many things in the Philippines like Unification of a
widely scattered people, bringing Catholicism and a system of education.
3. Early Revolt
• Because of the unjust way the Spanish are treating the Filipinos, the Filipinos revolted
for reasons like exploitation of manpower and many more.
4. Challenge of the 19th Century

• Meantime, economic and political developments that were to affect the Philippines either
directly or indirectly were shaping up in Europe.
5. The Challenge of Industrialization
• Industrialization rapidly gained momentum in the second half of the 19th century
as the knowledge of man gets vaster. These changes fueled the industrial revolution

6. The Altered Position of the Catholic Church in the 19th Century
• The Catholic Church in Europe was a most powerful and influential institution. The
church has been identified with the monarchy and aristocracy since the medieval
era

7. The Philippine is drawn Within the Orbit World trade
• The beneficial effect of economic liberalism in Europe and the United States had
finally convinced Spain to abandon mercantilism and reluctantly open the
Philippines to world trade
8. The New Breed of Native middle class
• These 19th century economic and social stimuli effected a marked improvement in the
standard of living of small group of indios and mestizos who were engaged in
commercial agriculture and trade.

9. Initial Response to 19th Century Challenges
• Even before the emergence of an active educated middle class, which directly worked
for reforms, Francisco “Balagtas “ Baltazar (1788-1862) had already voiced his disgust
in the prevailing social order through his literary pieces, particularly Florante at Laura.

10. Futile Spanish Attempt to initiate
• Sensing the prevalent social discontent, political insecurity and the growing anti
Spanish feelings in the islands.
Filipino Nationalism
• Filipino Nationalism is an upsurge of patriotic sentiments
and nationalistic ideals in the Philippines of the 19th century
that came consequently as a result of more than two
centuries of Spanish rule and as an immediate outcome of
the Filipino Propaganda Movement from 1872 to 1892.
• It served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in
Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
The Creole Age
• The term 'Filipino' in its earliest sense referred to Spaniards born
in the Philippines or Insulares (Creoles) and from which Filipino
Nationalism began.
• Traditionally, the Creoles had enjoyed various government and
church positions—composing mainly the majority of the
government bureaucracy itself.
• Characterized mostly in Philippine history as corrupt bureaucrats,
the Creole gradually changed from a very government-dependent
class into capital-driven entrepreneurs because of the decline of
the Galleon Trade.
The Creole Age
Luis Rodriquez Varela - a Creole educated in liberal France. The earliest signs
of Filipino Nationalism could be seen in his writings
• Only Philippine creole that is part of the European Nobility
• The court gazzette in Madrid announce that he was to become a Conde
and from that point on proudly called himself 'Conde Filipino’.
• He championed the rights of Filipinos in the islands and slowly made the
term applicable to anyone born in the Philippines.
• In 1823 he was deported together with other creoles (allegedly known as
Hijos del Pais), after being associated with a Creole revolt in Manila led
by the Mexican Creole Andres Novales.
The Creole Age
Creole Padre Pelaez - Campaigned for the rights of Filipino priests and
pressed for secularization of Philippine parishes.
• Due to the Latin American Revolutions, Filipino priests were being
replaced by Spanish friars and Pelaez demanded explanation as to
the legality of replacing a secular with regulars—which is in
contradiction to the Exponinobis.
• Pelaez brought the case to the Vatican almost succeeded if not for
an earthquake that cut his career short.
• His ideology would be carried by his more militant disciple, Jose
Burgos who was one of the GOMBURZA
The Creole Age
The Cavite Mutiny
• The death of Jose Burgos, and the other alleged conspirators
Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, seemingly ended the entire
creole movement in 1872.
• Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo unleashed his reign of
terror in order to prevent the spread of the creole ideology -
Filipino nationalism.
• The creole affair was seen by the other natives as a simple
family affair - Spaniards born in Spain against Spaniards born
the Philippines
Causes of The Awakening of the Filipino’s National Consciousness
The 19th century was the birth of Filipino nationalism. This
important phenomenon was caused by the following:
1. The opening of the Philippines to world trade
2. The influx of liberal ideas into the country
3. The rise of the Middle Class
4. Opening of Suez Canal
5. The liberal regime of Governor-General de la Torre
6. The martyrdom of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora
1. Opening of the Philippines to world trade from 1834 to 1873
• The opening of Manila (1834) and other parts of the Philippine to foreign trade
brought not only economic prosperity to the country but also a remarkable
transformation in the life of the Filipinos.
• This stimulated the economic activities in the country which brought prosperity to
some of the Filipinos but most of all to the Chinese and the Spaniards.
• It resulted to the rise of a new social class referred to as “Middle Class” or the
“Illustrados”
1. Acquired material wealth
2. Improved their social stature and influence
3. Clamored for social and political equality with the colonial masters .
2. Influx of Liberal Ideas
• With the opening of the Philippines to world trade, European
ideas freely penetrated the country in form of printed books,
newspapers, and treatises made available to the natives as
they participated in the process of exchange of goods and
products.
• The new knowledge and current events they learned and
acquired outside affected their ways of living and the manner
of their thinking
3. The Rise of the Middle Class
• The middle class or the Illustrado families sent members of their
family particularly male children to study abroad.
• These students would be exposed to European thoughts and would
later lead in call for reforms
• The Intelligencia, Filipino patriots and propagandist mostly came
from this class.
• Among these were Father Pedro Pelaez, Father Jose Burgos, Dr. Jose
Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, the Luna Brothers, Jose Ma.
Panganiban, Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro A.
Paterno.
4. Opening of Suez Canal
• The Suez Canal was created by a French engineer named Ferdinand de
Lesseps
• It took 10 years to build, and was officially opened on November 17, 1869.
• The Suez Canal stretches 103 milesand connects the Mediterranean with
the Gulf of Suez and hence with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
• This man-made canal made transportation easier, making the transfer of
goods and ideas better and faster.
• With this canal, the trip to Barcelona to the Philippines which took 3
months was reduced to only 32 days.
5. The liberal regime of Governor - General de la Torre
Spanish Revolution of 1868
• The period when Queen Isabella was ousted by Generals
Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim
• This incident had proven that Spain was not invincible and that
even how powerful it was it cannot escape social unrest and
political upheavals.
• In 1873, the first Spanish Republic was established and the
Liberals installed Carlos Ma. Dela Torre as the governor general
in the Philippines.
Governor General Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
• General Carlos Ma. De la Torre was appointed by the provisional
government in Spain as Governor General of the Philippines
following the Spanish Revolution.
• De la Torre’s liberal and pro-people governance had given Rizal
and the Filipinos during this period a foretaste of a democratic
rule and way of life.
• He encouraged freedom and abolished censorship.
• He recognized the freedom of speech and of the press, which
were guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution.
• He was concerned with the needs of the natives
• He ordered the abolition of flogging as punishment for
military disobedience
• He implemented the Educational Decree of 1863 and
the Moret Law which delimit the secularization of
educational institutions and allowed the government to
take control among different schools and academic
institutions.
• Governor De la Torre’s greatest achievement was the peaceful
solution to the land problem in Cavite.
• Agrarian uprisings led by the local hero, Eduardo Camerino,
erupted several times in Cavite.
• This agrarian problem was only solved without bloodshed
when Governor De la Torre himself went to Cavite and had a
conference with the rebel leader.
• He pardoned the latter and his followers, provided them with
decent livelihood and appointed them as members of the police
force with Camerino as captain.
6. The Martyrdom of the GOMBURZA
In 1870, Spanish monarchy was restored with Amadeo de Savoy as
new king.
• This king eventually sent Rafael Izquierdo as the governor
general in Manila
• Izquierdo was the exact opposite of De la Torre
• He ordered that the exemptions and privileges enjoyed by
workers of the arsenals and ship yards be repealed, giving reason
for these workers to launch a mutiny that took place in 1872.
6. The Martyrdom of the GOMBURZA
Cavite Mutiny
• An uprising of the arsenal and shipyard workers of Cavite as a
response to the repeal of their privileges such as exemption from
paying tributes and performance of forced labor.
• This took place on January 20, 1872 and was headed by Sergeant
La Madrid
• The Cavite Mutiny is a failed uprising against the Spaniards due
to miscommunication.
Cavite Mutiny
• This unfortunate incidence became an opportunity for the Spaniards to
implicate the three Filipino priests who had been campaigning for
Filipino rights, particularly the right of Filipino priests to become
parish priests or “Filipinization” of the parishes in the country.
• The Spanish government then wanted them to be placed behind bars or
executed. To do this, it magnified the event and made it appear as a
“revolt” against the government.
• To implicate them, the government bribed Francisco Zaldua, a former
soldier, as the star witness.
Governor Izquierdo approved their death sentence and at
sunrise of February 17, 1872, Fathers Gomez, Burgos and
Zamora were escorted under heavy guard to Luneta and
were executed by garrote (strangulation machine) before a
vast crowd of Filipinos and foreigners (Ibid.).
The Three Martyr Priest
1. Jose Burgos
• Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on 9 February1837
• Youngest among the three
• One of the major advocates of secularization
• During that time was the curate of the Cathedral and
Canonigo Magistral
• Burgos was a close friend and associate of Paciano Rizal, José
Rizal's older brother and mentor.
2. Mariano Gomez
• Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila
• On June 2, 1824, he was designated as the head priest
of Bacoor, Cavite.
• At the age of 72, First to be executed
• Founded La Verdad, which served as the mouthpiece of
secularization
• Oldest among the martyr priests
3. Jacinto Zamora
• Born August 14, 1835,
• Zamora handled parishes in Marikina, Pasig, and Batangas.
• Zamora had a habit of playing cards after saying Mass. On the night of the
Mutiny, he received an invitation stating that his friend had "Powder and
Munitions"; in a gambler's language, "Powder and Munitions" meant that
the player had much money to gamble with.
• The Spanish used this letter against him, implying that he was part of the
mutiny.
• He already lost his mind during the proceedings
Significance of the martyrdom of the three priests
1. Filipinos forgot their regional hostilities and felt the need of
being united for a common cause
2. The Filipinos instead of developing fear from the Spaniards,
developed hatred instead
3. The GOMBURZA served as inspiration to future patriots to
selflessly fight the Spaniards in order to put a stop on
injustices and abusiveness committed by the colonizers.

Secularization Movement
1. An interest group consisted of Filipino priests who
demanded that they be allowed to handle parishes in
accordance with the provisions of the Council of
Trent
2. It was once headed by Father Pedro Pelaez and was
followed by Fr. Jose Burgos.

007 Birth of The National Conciousness

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

007 Birth of The National Conciousness

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life and Works of Rizal

• Birth of National Consciousness

Source: Mr. Ray Obispo (MIDTERM LEARNING RESOURCES)

4. Challenge of the 19th Century

You might also like