Business Ethics in Islam

Masyhudi Muqorobin, PhD.

(Magister Manajemen Rumah Sakit)
Universitas
Muhammadiyah
Yogyakarta
Ethics: Meaning & Definitions
Collins Cobuild English Dictionary:
 Moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong;
 Moral principles about right and wrong behavior
which someone believes in;
 (...of something) an ideal or moral that influences
behavior, attitudes and philosophy of a group of
people.
 The study of questions about what is morally
right and wrong.
Ethics: Meaning & Definitions

William Lillie (1971) An Introduction to Ethics, 3rd

ed, Methuen & Co. Ltd.:
 "The normative science of the conduct of
human beings living in societies - a science
which judges this conduct to be right or wrong,
to be good or bad or in some similar way."
System of Ethics in Islam

 The purpose of revelation is to improve ethics:

‫ار َم ْاألَ ْخـالَ ِق‬
ِ َ
‫ك‬ ‫م‬
َ ‫م‬
َ ‫م‬
ِّ َ
‫ت‬ ُ ‫ِأل‬ ُ
‫ت‬ ْ
‫ث‬ ‫إِ َّن َما ُب ِع‬
 Ethics in Islam is chiefly based on the Qur’an and
Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic
jurisprudence, added by Ijma’ qiyas and followed
by other secondary sources

‫و كان خلقه القرأن‬ ,‫و إنك لعلى خلق عظيم‬

‫لقد كان لكم في رسول هللا أسوة حسنة‬
Konsep Dasar Ekonomi Islam

Islam

Aqidah Shari’ah
Akhlaq
Usul al-Din Usul al-Fiqh

Various Fiqh Fiqh of Various Fiqh

Teachings Muamalah Teachings

Islamic Business and Economics

Tujuan Ekonomi Islam (Maqashid Syari’ah)

Falah
Ukhrawi Ultimate Ends

Worldly Means
Ultimate Ends Falah Transitional Ends

Means Economic Means

activities
Conventional Islamic
economics economics
 Sistematika Ajaran tentang ekonomi dan
Bisnis (mu’amalah)

Islam Nilai-nilai Islam

Aqidah Akhlaq Prinsip2 Ekonomi dan Bisnis

Islami

Syari’ah Instrumen / Kelembagaan

Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam

Mu’amalah Sistem Ekonomi & Bisnis

Islam
Sources of Islamic Ethics
Qur’an

Nash Hadits
Semua
sepakat
Ijma’
Ijtihad
Qiyas

Istihsan Istishlah Istishhab ‘Urf

Saddudz Qaulush Syar’u Man

Dzarai’ Shahabah Qablana

Ada Perbedaan
Ethics and Axioms (SH Naqvi)

 Characteristics of the Ethical

Axioms
– Representative of Islamic ethics
– Simple
– Internally consistent
– Predictive
Naqvi’s Axioms vs Faruqi’s
Pronciples

Naqvi’s Four Faruqi’s First Principles

Axioms of Islamic Methodology
– The Unity of Allah (SWT)
– Tauhid
– The Unity of Creation
– Equilibrium
– The Unity of Truth and
– Free Will the Unity of Knowledge
– Responsibility – The Unity of Humanity
Vicegerency (Khilafah)
Vicegerency (Khilafah)

 Al-Baqarah 30-34
The Concept of
Productive Work (‘Amal)

 Islam encourages works

 Islam also encourages acquiring knowledge,
technology and skills.
 In line with a capitalistic term of “distribution
based on contribution”
 Everyone is responsible for his own works
 Worker is not a factor of, but partner in,
production process
The Concept of ‘Amal

The Importance of ‘Amal:

 al-’Ashr: 1-3, at-Tin: 4-6
 ‘Amal as duty  man is appointed to be
vicegerent in the earth, al-Baqarah: 30
 Condemnation of laziness and idleness
 Consideration for worker
 ‘Amal as the sole determinant of man’s status 
Labor is the real source of value
The Concept of ‘Amal
Exhortation to ‘Amal
 Promised of rewards
 Acquiring knowledge, technology and skills
 Positive view of working
 Respect for work and the worker
The Concept of Business
 Islam does not only permits but encaourages works
and business activities, including tijarah.  wa
ahallahul bay’a wa harramar riba
 The objectives of work/business deal or human
activities in general is to gain success not only in
the world but also in the hereafter  al-Qashash:
77
 the Prophet says: i’mal lidunyaaka ka-annaka
ta’isyu abadan, wa’mal li-akhiratika ka-annaka
tamuutu ghadan.
The Concept of Business

Gainful Business according to the Qur’an:

 Best investment

 things which are halalan thayyibaa

 Sound judgment
 Right conduct
The Concept of Business

The Losing Business

 Worst investment  prohibited things
 Unsound judgment  illegal decisions
 Evil conduct
The Concept of Business

 Maintenance of records
 the Angels of Raqib and ‘Atid
 Reward and punishment
 the Heaven and Hell
The Concept of Ownership

 True and Absolute ownership

God is the real owner of the universe
 walillahi maa fissamaawaati wal-ardh
 Delegated and Restricted Ownership

 wealth is attributed to man as well.

From this the concept of amanah is derived
 It differs from either capitalism or socialism
Distribution of Wealth

Materialistic views:

 Capitalism: distribution based on contribution

vs
 Socialism: distribution based on needs
Distribution of Wealth

 Islam  combined approach:

 Distrib’n based on contribution
 works (‘amal)
 Distrib’n based on needs
 zakah, infaq and shadaqah
Distribution of Wealth

Materialistic views:

 Capitalism: distribution based on contribution

vs
 Socialism: distribution based on needs
Distribution of Wealth

 Islam  combined approach:

 Distrib’n based on contribution
 works (‘amal)
 Distrib’n based on needs
 zakah, infaq and shadaqah
Equitable Distribution and Its
Effects

 Social security through cooperation

 koperasi, BMT etc.
 Poverty Eradication
 Busines activity

 Consumption  production
 Real sector  monetary sector
Etika Pemasaran
 Tayangan sinetron di TV nasional,
demi rating menyiarkan film-film
berbau sex, kekerasan, mistik,
horor, dan menampilkan
kemewahan ekonomi yang
sesungguhnya bukan merupakan
kondisi riil masyarakat kita.
Etika Pemasaran

 Adakah
yang salah
dg ikaln XL
ini?
Pertanyaan

 Apakah bisnis merupakan profesi etis?

 Atau sebaliknya ia menjadi profesi kotor?
 Kalau profesi kotor penuh tipu menipu,
mengapa begitu banyak orang yang
menekuninya bahkan bangga dengan itu?
 Apakah kemudian Islam melarang ummatny
a melibatkan dalam dunai bisnis?
Isu-isu Etika Bisnis
1) Pengendalian diri
2) Pengembangan tanggung jawab sosial
(social responsibility)
3) Mempertahankan jati diri dan tidak mudah
untuk terombang-ambing oleh pesatnya
perkembangan informasi dan teknologi
4) Menciptakan persaingan yang sehat
5) Menerapkan konsep “pembangunan
berkelanjutan"
6) Menghindari sifat 5K (Katabelece,
Kongkalikong, Koneksi, Kolusi dan Komisi)
Isu-isu Etika Bisnis
7) Mampu menyatakan yang benar itu benar
8) Menumbuhkan sikap saling percaya antara
golongan pengusaha kuat dan golongan
pengusaha kebawah
9) Konsekuen dan konsisten dengan aturan
main yang telah disepakati bersama
10) Menumbuhkembangkan kesadaran dan rasa
memiliki terhadap apa yang telah disepakati
11) Perlu adanya sebagian etika bisnis yang
dituangkan dalam suatu hukum positif yang
berupa peraturan perundang-undangan
Applied Islamic Ethics to Hospitals

 Administrative Ethics
 (Bio)medical Ethics
Cakupan Etika RS
 Rekam medis
 Keperawatan
 Pelayanan pasien dewasa
 Pelayanan kesehatan anak
 Pelayanan klinik medik
 Pelayanan intensif, anestesi dan euthanasia
 Pelayanan radiologi
 Pelayanan kamar operasi
 Pelayanan rehabilitasi medik
 Pelayanan gawat darurat
 Pelayanan medikolegal dan lain-lain
Issues in Administrative Ethics

 Payment in advance  wajibkah?

 Rates of medical payment
 Attitued of the patience
 Attitude of the management
 Conflict of interest among the stakeholders
Issues in Biomedical Ethics

 Very wide from the inquiry of human life

(abortion etc) through the allocation of scarce
health care resources such as organ
donation
 Bioethicists often disagree among
themselves over the precise limits of their
discipline
Thank You
Wassalam