FUNCTIONAL GROUP

 AN ATOM OR GROUP OF ATOMS OR A DOUBLE BOND OR

TRIPLE BOND WHOSE PRESENCE IMPORT SPECIFIC
PROPERTIES TO A COMPOUND IS CALLED FUNCTIONAL
GROUP

 EXAMPLE: FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF HALO GROUP IS –X.

 ALKANES:

 THEY ARE LEAST REACTIVE COMPOUNDS.

 ALSO CALLED PARAFFIN'S.
 THEY HAVE GENERAL FORMULA CNH2N+2.
H H
 ALL SINGLE BONDS
 THEIR NAMES END WITH –ANE H C C H
 FOR EXAMPLE CH4 AND C2H6.
H H
Ethane
 ALKENES

 THE GENERAL FORMULA OF ALKENE IS CNH2N.

 THERE IS DOUBLE BOND PRESENT IN ITS FORMULA.
 A CARBON TO CARBON DOUBLE BOND
 THEIR NAMES END WITH –ENE
H H
 FOR EXAMPLE; ETHENE C2H4
C C
H H
Ethene
 ALKYNES

 THE GENERAL FORMULA OF ALKYNE IS CNH2N-2.

 A CARBON TO CARBON TRIPLE BOND
 THEIR NAMES END WITH –YNE H C C H
 THERE IS TRIPLE BOND PRESENT IN ITS FORMULA.
Ethyne
 FOR EXAMPLE: ETHYNE C2H2.
 HALOALKANES

H H
 HAVE THE GENERAL
FORMULA R-X WHERE R IS AN H C C Cl
ALKYL GROUP AND X IS A
HALOGEN
H H

 THEY ARE NAMED AS Chloroethane

HALOALKANES
 ALCOHOLS

 ONLY ONE OXYGEN. H H

 HAS AN O-H GROUP.

H C C O H
 CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS 1º/2º/3º
ACCORDING TO POSITION OF O-H H H
GROUP ON CARBON SKELETON.
 THEY ARE NAMED AS ALKANOL. Ethanol
 H
H H H
H O H
H O H
H C C C H
H C C O H H C C C H
H H
H H H
H H C H3

• PRIMARY • Secondary alcohol • Tertiary alcohol

ALCOHOL
 AMINES

H H
 CONTAIN NITROGEN.
 HAS AN –NH2 GROUP. H C C N H

 THEY ARE NAMED AS H H H

ALKYL AMINE.
Ethylamine
 ALDEHYDES

 ONLY ONE OXYGEN

H
 HAS A H-C=O GROUP O
 H-C=O GROUP IS AT THE END OF H C C
THE CARBON CHAIN, SO IS NEXT H
DOOR TO A HYDROGEN ATOM H
 THEY ARE NAMED AS ALKANAL
Ethanal
 KETONES

 ONLY ONE OXYGEN

H O H
 HAS A C=O GROUP
H C C C H
 C=O GROUP IS NOT AT THE
H H
 END OF CARBON CHAIN, SO IS Propanone
NEXT DOOR TO 2 CARBONS
 THEY ARE NAMED AS ALKANONE
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
 HAS 2 OXYGENS.
H
 HAS O-H AND C=O GROUPS ON O
THE SAME CARBON ATOM.
H C C
 THIS -COOH GROUP HAS TO BE
AT THE END OF A CARBON
O H
H
CHAIN.
Ethanoic acid
 THEY ARE NAMED AS ALKANOIC
ACID.
 ESTERS
H
O
 HAS 2 OXYGENS.
H
 ONE OXYGEN IS PART OF A C=O BOND, THE H C C
OTHER IS NEXT DOOR, SANDWICHED
O C H
BETWEEN TWO CARBONS. H
 THEY ARE NAMED AS ALKYLALKANOATE.
H

Methylethanoate
 ETHER
H H H
 HAS 1 OXYGEN
 NO O-H OR C=O GROUP H C C O C H

 THE OXYGEN IS SANDWICHED

H H H
BETWEEN TWO CARBON ATOMS
 THEIR NAMES END WITH -ETHER
Ethylmethylether
 ACID AMIDE
 HAS NH2 AND C=O GROUPS ON H
O
THE SAME CARBON ATOM
 THEY HAVE GENERAL H C C
FORMULA OF NH2 C=O H N
H
H
 THEY ARE NAMED AS Ethanamide
ALKANAMIDE
WHAT FAMILY DOES IT BELONG TO?
H H
C C
H H
H O H

H C C C H

H H