Bio Potential Electrode- Theory

Nernst Equation
Ehc = -RT/(nF)·ln(a1/a2)

E – electrode potential
R = 8.314 J /(mol*K) – molar gas constant
T – absolute temperature
n – valence
F = 96485 C/mol – Faraday’s constant
a1 and a2 are the activity of the ions on each side of
the membrane. Ionic activity is the availability of an ionic
species in solution to enter into a reaction.
 Goldman Equation
• The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz voltage equation,
more commonly known as the Goldman
equation, is used in cell membrane physiology
to determine the reversal potential across a
cell's membrane.
• It takes all the ions that are permeant through
that membrane into consideration for
measuring the membrane potential.
The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation.
 Warburg’s Model
• The electric characteristics of biopotential
electrodes are generally nonlinear and a
function of the current density at their
surface.
• Thus, having the devices represented by linear
models requires that they be operated at low
potentials and currents.
Electrical Characteristics
 Electrical Equivalent circuit of Electrode
(Warburg’s Model)

In this circuit;
• Rd and Cd are components that represent the impedance associated with the
electrode-electrolyte interface and polarization at this interface.
• Rs is the series resistance associated with interfacial effects and the resistance of the
electrode materials themselves.
Skin Layers
Skin-Electrode Interface