Unit Eight Quiz Solutions and

Unit Nine Goals

Mechanical Engineering 370
Thermodynamics
Larry Caretto
April 1, 2003
 Outline
• Solution to quiz eight
• Revised schedule
• Review second law
• Goals for unit eight
– Calculating entropy with ideal gases
– Constant and variable heat capacity
– Isentropic calculations

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 Course Schedule Changes
• Midterm on April 24 (Review April 22)
• Move schedule for unit ten on April 22–
24 up to April 8–10
• Unit ten quiz on April 22; no quiz on
April 29 following midterm
• Writing assignment due April 11
• Design project due May 16
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 The Second Law
• There exists an extensive thermo-
dynamic property called the entropy, S,
defined as follows:
dS = (dU + PdV)/T
• For any process dS ≥ dQ/T
• For an isolated system dS ≥ 0
• T must be absolute temperature
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 Entropy is a Property
• If we know the state of the system, we can
find the entropy
• We can use the entropy as one of the
properties to define the state
• Use the following if we are given a value of
s and a value of T or P
– if s < sf(T or P) => compressed liquid
– if s > sg(T or P) => gas (superheat) region
– otherwise in mixed region
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 Reversible Processes
• This is an idealization; we cannot do
better than a reversible process
• Internal reversibility has dS = dQ/T
• Internal and external reversibility has
dSisolated system = 0
• It is possible to have dS =  dQ/T for a
system with dSisolated system > 0
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 Maximum Work (Output)
• dS  dQ/T; if reversible dS = dQ/T
• Compare two processes with between
same states (dU = dUrev)
• dS = dQrev/T = [dUrev + dWrev]/T  dQ/T
• [dUrev + dWrev]/T  [dU + dW]/T
• dWrev  dW
• Maximum work in a reversible process
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Maximum Adiabatic Work (S = 0)
• From given inlet conditions, find the
initial state properties including sinitial
• The maximum work in an adiabatic
process occurs when sfinal = sinitial
• From sfinal = sinitial and one other property
of final state get all final state properties
• Find work from first law as done in
previous quizzes and exercises
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 First Unit Nine Goal
• As a result of studying this unit you
should be able to compute entropy
changes in ideal gases
– using constant heat capacities
– using equations that give heat capacities
as a function of temperature
– using ideal gas tables

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 Second Unit Nine Goal
• As a result of studying this unit you
should be able to compute the end
states of isentropic processes in ideal
gases
– using constant heat capacities
– using equations that give heat capacities
as a function of temperature
– using ideal gas tables

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 Ideal Gas Entropy
• Entropy defined as ds = (du + Pdv)/T
• We can write Tds = du + Pdv
• Since du = d(h – Pv) = dh – Pdv – vdP
• We can also write Tds = dh - vdP
• Ideal gas: Pv = RT, du = cvdT, dh = cpdT
• For ideal gases ds = cvdT/T + Rdv/v
• For ideal gases ds = cpdT/T – RdP/P
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 Ideal Gas Entropy Change
• Integrate ideal gas ds equations to get
T2
dT  v2 
s2  s1   cv  R ln 
T1
T  v1 
T2
dT  P2 
s2  s1   c p  R ln  
T1
T  P1 

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 Ideal Gas Entropy Tables
T
dT '
• Define s (T )   c p (T ' )
o

T0
T '
T2
dT
T T
• So that s (T2 )  s (T1 )  c p
o o

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 P2 
s2  s1  s (T2 )  s (T1 )  R ln 
o o

 P1 
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 Example
• Air is heated from 300 K to 500 K at
constant pressure. What is s?
• From table A-17, page 849, so(300 K) =
1.71865 kJ/kg∙K and so(500 K) =
2.21952 kJ/kg∙K; s = 0.50087 kJ/kg∙K
• Assuming constant cp = 1.005 kJ/kg∙K
gives s = cpln(T2/T1) =
1.005 ln(500/300) = 0.51338 kJ/kg∙K
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Ideal Gas Isentropic Processes
• Start with ds = cpdT/T – RdP/P
• For ds = 0, cpdT/T = RdP/P
• Integrate for ds = 0 and constant cp to get
cpln(T2/T1) = R ln(P2/P1) so that ln(T2/T1)
= R ln(P2/P1)R/Cp or T2/T1 = (P2/P1)R/Cp
• R/cp = (cp – cv)/cp = (cp/cv – 1)/ (cp/cv)
• R/cp = (k – 1)/k, where k = cp/cv

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Ideal Gas Isentropic Processes
• Final result: T2/T1 = (P2/P1)(k-1)/k
• Can derive similar equations for other
variables
– T2/T1 = (v2/v1)(k-1)
– P2/P1 = (v2/v1)k
• Apply only to ideal gases with constant
heat capacities in isentropic processes
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 Variable Heat Capacity
• Set s2 – s1 = 0 in equations below for
ideal gas isentropic process
T2
dT  v2 
s2  s1   cv  R ln   0
T1
T  v1 
T2
dT  P2 
s2  s1   c p  R ln    0
T1
T  P1 
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 Variable Heat Capacity
• Can solve for volume or pressure ratios
if T1 and T2 are given
T2
dT  v2  T2
dT  P2 
T cv T   R ln v1  T Tc p  R ln 
P
 1

1 1

• A trial-and-error solution is required if T1

or T2 are unknown

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Variable Heat Capacity Tables
• For ideal gas, isentropic processes, with
variable heat capacities we can define
Pr(T), and vr(T) such that
– v2/v1 = vr(T2)/ vr(T1)
– P2/P1 = Pr(T2)/ Pr(T1)
• Values of Pr(T), and vr(T) given in ideal
gas tables
• We still use Pv = RT at points
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 Example Problem
• Adiabatic, steady-flow air compressor
used to compress 10 kg/s of air from
300 K, 100 kPa to 1 MPa. What is the
minimum work?
• Minimum work in adiabatic process is
when process is isentropic
• First law: Q  W  m ( h  h )
u out in

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 Example Continued
• What is outlet state for maximum work?
Use ideal gas tables for air on page 849
– Pr(300 K) = 1.3860
– P2/P1 = Pr(T2)/ Pr(T1) so that
– Pr(T2) = Pr(T1) P2/P1 = 1.3860(1000/100)
– What is T with Pr = 13.860
– Pr(570 K) = 13.50; Pr(580 K) = 14.38
– Interpolate to get Pr = 13.86 at T = 574.1 K

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 Example Concluded
• Use enthalpy data from ideal gas tables
– hin = h(300 K) = 300.19 kJ/kg
– hout = h(574.1 K) = 579.86 kJ/kg
10 kg  300.19 kJ 579.87 kJ  1 MW  s
Wu  m (hin  hout ) 
     2.797 MW
s  kg kg  1000 kJ
• Negative value shows work input
• Minimum input in absolute value
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 Repeat Example with Constant cp

• Here we use data for air that k = 1.4

and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg∙K
• T2 = T1(P2/P1)(k – 1)/k = (300 K)[(1000
kPa)/(100 kPa)](1.4 – 1)/1.4 = 579.2 K
W u  m ( hin  hout )  m c p (Tin  Tout ) 
10 kg 1.005 kJ 1 MW  s
 300 K  579.2 K   2.806 MW
s kg  K 1000 kJ

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