Baseband Pulse Transmission

Intersymbol Interference
• The longer the cable and/or the higher the bit rate,
the greater the distortion. The pulses tend to blur
into one another, causing what is called
intersymbol interference (ISI).
• ISI makes the voltage levels for binary 1 and 0
closer together with 1 bit smearing or overlapping
into the other
• ISI causes crosstalk between channels that occupy
adjacent time slots in a time-division-multiplexed
carrier system
Intersymbol Interference

Pulse
response:
(a) NRZ input
signal;
(b) output
from a perfect
filter;
(c) output
from an
imperfect
filter
 Primary causes of ISI
1. Timing inaccuracies- if the rate of
transmission does not conform to the ringing
frequency designed into the communications
channel
2. Insufficient bandwidth - As the bandwidth of
a communications channel is reduced, the
ringing frequency is reduced, and intersymbol
interference is more likely to occur.
 Primary causes of ISI
3. Amplitude distortion – Pulse distortion occurs
when the peaks of pulses are reduced, causing
improper ringing frequencies in the time
domain. Compensation for such impairments is
called amplitude equalization.
4. Phase distortion - occurs when frequency
components undergo different amounts of
time delay while propagating through the
transmission medium.
 Eye Patterns
• convenient
technique for
determining the
effects of the
degradations
introduced into
the pulses as
they travel to
the regenerator
Eye patterns
(a) Good bandwidth.
(b) Limited bandwidth.
(c) Severe
bandwidth limitation with noise.