Classification, Tabulation and

Presentation
 Why Classification?

Data collected in any statistical investigation is raw

data
Raw data is
 Voluminous
 Huge
  difficult to move because of its size, shape, or weight
 too large or disorganized to function efficiently
 Incapable of being grasped by the intellect or understanding
 Why Classification?

After collecting & editing the data next is organizing the

data i.e to present it in a readily comprehensible

condensed form which will
 highlight the important characteristics of the data
 Facilitate comparisons
 Render it suitable for processing & interpretations
Classification is process of arranging data into groups or

classes according to resemblances and similarities

technically
 Classification

Presentation of data is broadly classified into two

categories:
 Tabular Presentation &
 Diagrammatic or Graphic Presentation
 Meaning of Classification

Process of arranging data into various groups, classes

and sub-classes according to some common

characteristics of separating them into different but
related parts- Secrist
Scheme for breaking a category into a set of parts, odd

classes , according to some precisely defined differing

characteristics possessed by all the elements of the
category-Tuttle A.M
 Classification

Depends on nature, objectives and scope

Ex: Students registered in a University during

academic year 2014-15 can be classified on basis of

#Sex #Age
#State #Caste
#Religion #Streams
#Height/Weight #College/Institutions
Physical, Social or mental characteristics
 Classification

Facts in one class will differ from those of another class w.r.t

characteristics which is called as basis or criterion of

classification
Each of the groups or classes can be divided into subgroups

or sub classes
Classification might not be limited to one criterion or basis

only
Technique of dividing data into different classes w.r.t more

than one basis simultaneously is called Cross-Classification

 Functions of Classification

Condenses the data

Facilitates comparison

Helps to study the relationships

Facilitates statistical treatment of the data

 Bases of Classification

Primarily depends on the objectives and the purpose of

the enquiry
Generally can be classified on the following for bases

 Geographical(Area Wise or Regional)

 Chronological(Occurrence of time)
 Qualitative(Characteristics or attribute)
 Quantitative(Numerical Value or Magnitudes)
 Bases of Classification

 Geographical

 Geographical or locational differences(like state, city)

 Presented in
 An alphabetical order or
 According to size or values

 To lay more emphasis on important area or region

 Chronological

 Differences in time(Time Series Date)

 Bases of Classification

 Qualitative/Descriptive

 Data which cannot be measured quantitatively(honesty, beauty)

 Simple/Dichotomous : If data is classified into only two classes
w.r.t an attribute –(individuals-honest or dishonest)
 Manifold classification :
 If data is classified into more than two classes w.r.t an attribute –
(intelligence-genius , very intelligent , average intelligent , below average
and dull)
 Classification on basis of simultaneous study of more than one attribute at
a time is (Sex into two classes & then smoking & non smoking)
 Bases of Classification

 Qualitative/Descriptive

 Data which cannot be measured quantitatively(honesty, beauty)

 Simple/Dichotomous : If data is classified into only two classes
w.r.t an attribute –(individuals-honest or dishonest)
 Manifold classification :
 If data is classified into more than two classes w.r.t an attribute –
(intelligence-genius , very intelligent , average intelligent , below average
and dull)
 Classification on basis of simultaneous study of more than one attribute at
a time is (Sex into two classes & then smoking & non smoking)