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GEO L1 Geomorphology Longi Lat 0.1
GEO L1 Geomorphology Longi Lat 0.1
ATLAS
Diagram
Conceptual clarity
Study material
ATLAS Book list
Geomorpholo Physica
Asia
gy l
Human/
Climatology Europe
Economi
c
Oceanography Americas
Physical Human
• Landforms • Habitation
• Atmosphere • Population
• Hydrosphere • Agriculture
• Biosphere • Industries- resources
Fundamentals of Geography
1. Latitudes
2. Longitudes
3. Seasons on Earth
4. Time-zones
latitudes
• Latitudes =angular
distance of a place
from the equator
• All latitudes are
33302360 concentric circles
• They are called
parallels as well
Latitudes
• Largest latitude –
equator
• Tropics – heat surplus
• Temperate, polar
regions – heat deficit
• Responsible for
pressure system and
planetary wind system
Spherical Earth
1.Tropical Zones
2.Temperate Zones
UPSC Prelims 2001
Q. Who among the following was first to state that
Earth was spherical?
A. Aristotle Correct Answer is A
B. Copernicus
C. Ptolemy
D. Strabo
1. Skip 2. Attempt 3. Mark n
Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth
Summer and Winter Solstice
Question
Q. Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season are
due to UPSC
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in Prelims
an elliptical manner
2013
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
Question
Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season are
due to UPSC
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in Prelims
an elliptical manner
2013
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
Daylight Saving in Temperate regions
Longitudes
• Angular distance of a
place from prime
meridian
• Also called meridians
• 0 degree = Greenwich in
UK
• 180 degree =
International date line
International Date Line
• Earth rotates 360
°s in 24 hours
• 360/24 = 15°
• 15° longitude
• = 1 hour
31 Dec
st 30th Dec
Morning Morning
Russia Alaska
International Date Line
Moving Moving
West East
1 DAY 1 DAY
Lost Gain
Standard time
1) Every country selects its standard meridian.
2) Angular distance between standard meridian of
a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT)
Indian Standard Time
• IST – 82.5 E Meridian
• IST - 5.5 hours ahead of
GMT, so GMT+5.5
IST
British launched Chaibagaan time (1
hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in
Chaibagaan
Assam
time zone
After independence – rejected
2007 DST study – rejected – admin
challenges
Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to
apply Chaibagaan time
Russian Time Zones
Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
75 °E?
Time
• Difference = 75 ° zones
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 75 ° => 5 hours
• East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm
Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
30 °W?
Time
• Difference = 30 ° zones
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 30 ° => 2 hours
• East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10 am
Exercise
Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what
would be the local time at Shillong on
92 deg E Longitude? UPSC
a) 9.38 am
Prelims
b) 10.38 am
1999
c) 10.22 am
d) 9.22 am
Ans. B)
Exercise
Q. Through which one of the following
groups of countries does equator pass?
a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia UPSC
b) Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia Prelims
c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia 2006
d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia
Exercise
Q. Which of the following cities is
nearest to the equator ?
a) Colombo UPSC
b) Jakarta Prelims
c) Manila 2008
d) Singapore
Exercise
Q. Which one of the following straits is
nearest to the International Date Line?
a) Malacca Strait UPSC
b) Bering strait Prelims
c) Strait of Florida 2008
d) Strait of Gibraltar
Malacca strait
Strait of Florida
Strait of Gibraltar
Exercise
Q. Consider the following countries:
1. Australia
UPSC
2. Namibia
3. Brazil Prelims
4. Chile 2009
Through which of the above does the
Tropic of Capricorn pass?
Exercise
a) 1 only
b) 2,3 and 4
UPSC
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 1,2,3,4 Prelims
2009
1. Longitude
2. Latitude
3. Reason for Seasons on
Earth
4. Time zones
Self Study
NCERT Class6: Chapter 2-
Longitudes, Latitudes and time-
zones NCERT
Map: Greenwich line passes
through which famous cities and
countries of the world?
Map: IST line passes through
which famous cities and states of
India?
Geomorphology
Geomorpholog
Origin of the Earth
y
Nebula Theory
Theory of Laplace Overview
Origin of earth – Nebular theory of Laplace
Gaseous cloud of H,
He – radiation –
cooling-
Contracting
• Separation of outer
ring – 9 parts => 9
planets
Nebular Theory of Laplace
• Heavier elements
near the core and
lighter at the
surface
• Layered structure
of earth’s interior
Geomorpholog
1. Density study: y
2. Temperature study Interior of the
3. Structural study Earth
- Direct evidences
- Indirect evidences
Edward Suess
• Outer layer (continents)–
SIAL
• Mantle and oceanic crust
– SIMA
• Core – Ni +Fe
Seismic wave studies
Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require
medium for propagation
Their behaviour changes with changes of
medium
2 imp waves: primary P and secondary S waves
S waves can travel into only S and G medium
P can travel in all 3 mediums
But speed is highest in S>L>G
S-wave Propagation
P-waves propagation
Observations
• Asthenosphere –semi-
molten
• Beyond Asthenosphere-
mantle rocks are dense
• Outer core –liquid
• The inner core is solid
Self Study
Class11 Chapter3: Interior of
Earth
NCERT
Composition of the interior of the earth
Earth as a whole Earth’s crust
Iron (Fe) - highest Oxygen (O2) - highest
Oxygen (O2) Silicon (Si)
Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al)
Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe)
Sulphur (S) Calcium (Ca)
Nickel (Ni) Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na)
Aluminum (Al) - lowest Potassium (K) - lowest
Geomorpho
Igneous rocks
Metamorphous rocks Rocks in the
Sedimentary rocks crust
Rock cycle
Rock Types
formed due to solidification of magma
(I) or lava (E)
Igneous
They don’t have strata or layers Rocks
Because entire lava is solidified
They are crystalline
They don’t have fossils
Rock Types
formed due to lithification of soil
erosion of rocks => deposition of Sedimentary
granules => compaction => rocks
lithification
Always stratified
They may have fossils
Metamorphosed rocks
both igneous and sedimentary rocks changed
under heat or pressure or both
No fossil
No stratification
Examples of metamorphosed rocks
Granite gneiss
Limestone Marble
Sandstone quartzite
Clay/mudstone slate/ schist
Question
Consider the following statements made
about sedimentary rocks:
1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at UPSC
earth’s surface by hydrological system
Prelims
2. Formation of sedimentary rocks
involves the weathering of pre- 2001
existing rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks contains fossils
4. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers
Question
Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from:
a) Limestone
UPSC
b) Obsidian
c) Sandstone Prelims
d) shale 2001
Interior of the earth
Different layers – structure and
composition
Rocks
Properties of rocks
Geological time scale of Earth
years Eon Era Importance
Plate
Continental Sea-floor
tectonic
drift spreading
theory
Alfred Wegener
• 1st to propound
movement of continents
• His Continental Drift
Theory
• His 4 main observations
1st Observation
Matching
Coastlines
zig-saw fit
2nd Observation
Similarity of Age
of the rocks
3th Observation
Fossil evidences
4th observation
Palaeo-climatic
evidences
Glacial evidenced
in Tropical lands
Continental Drift Theory
Super continent - Pangaea
Ocean – Panthalasa
Continent – SIAL rocks
Ocean – SIMA rocks
Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and drifted
apart
Limitation of Continental Drift theory
Driving force?
Gravitational pull of sun and moon
Idea of SIAL and SIMA
Limitation of Continental Drift theory
Question
What do you understand by theory of
continental drift? Discuss the prominent
evidences in its support. (5) UPSC
Mains
2013
Question
Q. Which of the following phenomena
might have influenced the evolution of
organisms? UPSC
1. Continental drift
2. Glacial cycles Prelims
2014
Ans. Both
Arthur Holmes
• Arthur Holmes:
• Convection current
theory
• Convection cells – force
behind drifting of
continents
3 Theories
Plate
Continental Sea-floor
tectonic
drift spreading
theory
Sea-floor mapping
• During 1940s and
1950s
• Diversity of ocean-
floor
• Submarine hills –
guoyts – MOR –
Trench
Ocean floor mapping
Questions:
1) Ocean crust not
older than mid-
Mesozoic
2) Age increase away
from MOR
3) Sea-mounts
deformed at trenches
Sea floor spreading Theory
1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered question
regarding ocean mapping using convection
theory
revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge and
trenches
Mid- Oceanic Ridge
Mid –Oceanic ridge
MOR
Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean crust
Basaltic eruption
Accumulation of lava – ridge => MOR
New Oceanic crust
Divergent limb – expansion of ocean crust
Trenches
MOR - Trench
• At trench Ocean floor
destroyed – melted in
mantle
• Oceanic crust heavier
than continental crust
• Ocean floor act like
conveyor belt
• Ocean floor – cyclic
process – 300 ml yrs
Mariana trench
Question
Q. In which one of the following oceans
the Diamantina Trench is located?
a) Pacific Ocean UPSC
b) Atlantic Ocean Prelims
c) Indian Ocean 2006
d) Arctic Ocean
Ans. C)
Diamantine trench
Palaeo-magentism
• Magnetism of rocks
along MOR
• Magnetometer -Magnetic
parallel stripes– normal
and reverse magnetic
profile
• 1st Carlsberg ridge –
Indian ocean
Palaeo-magentism
• Vine and mattheus
• Molten lava get polarity
geomagnetic field of that
period -Solidify
• Ocean floor – magnetic
tape
Palaeo-magnetism
conclusion
1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the earth
2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by age +
distance between two equal magnetic stripes
Atlantic – 1.0 cm/ year
Indian – 1.5 cm/year
Pacific – 6.0 cm/year
Question
Q. Between India and East Asia, the
navigation time and distance can be
greatly reduced by which of the UPSC
following?
Prelims
a) Deepening Malacca strait between 2011
Indonesia and Malaysia
b) Opening a new canal across Kra
Isthmus between gulf of Siam and
Andaman sea
3 Theories
Plate
Continental Sea-floor
tectonic
drift spreading
theory