AGC

DSP

Digital Signal Processing &

Digital Filters
An Introductory Course
By
Professor A G Constantinides
MSc, EE4, ISE4, PhD

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Digital Signal Processing &
DSP
Digital Filters
Contents
1-Introduction
1) Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
 Review of background DSP
 Review of mathematical methods
 Review of discrete-time random
processes and linear systems

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2)  Multirate techniques and wavelets
 Introduction to short-time Fourier analysis

 Filter-banks and overlap-add methods of analysis

and synthesis
 Introduction to generalised time-frequency

representation
 Wavelet analysis

 Multirate signal processing

 Interpolation and decimation

 Efficient filter structures for interpolation and

decimation

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3) Classical spectrum estimation methods
 Power spectrum, power spectral density functions,

random processes and linear systems

 Introduction to statistical estimation and estimators

 Biased and unbiased estimators

 Einstein/Wiener Khintchine Theorem

 Estimation of autocorrelations

 Means and variances of periodograms

 Smoothed spectral estimates, leakage

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4)  Modern spectrum estimation methods
 Introduction to modern spectral estimation:

Principles and approaches

 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Efficient

estimators
 The Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) or

Autoregressive Power Spectrum Estimation:

Principles.
 The MEM equations and Levinson/Durbin

algorithm

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4)  Modern spectrum estimation methods
(continued)
 Introduction to Linear Prediction

 Linear Predictive Coding using covariances

and correlations
 Cholesky decomposition

 Lattice Filters

 Linear Prediction of Speech Signals

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5)  Adaptive signal processing
 Introduction to adaptive signal processing

 Objective measures of goodness

 Least squares and consequences

 Steepest descent

 The LMS and RLS algorithms

 Kalman Filters

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Digital Signal Processing &
DSP Digital Filters
6)  Applications
 Communications

 Biomedical

 Seismic

 Audio/Music

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DSP DIGITAL FILTERS
Digital Filters
 In this course you will learn:

 How to choose an appropriate filter

response.
  Why Butterworth responses are maximally

flat.
  Why Chebyshev and Elliptic responses are

equiripple.
  When to choose an IIR and when an FIR

filter
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 How do you design FIR and IIR filters from
specifications on amplitude performance?
 What are multirate systems and their
properties? What is interpolation /
Upsampling and Decimation / Downsampling?
 How do you design efficient Decimation and
Interpolation systems?
 What are frequency transformations and how
do you design these?
 How accurate is the DFT as a spectrum
estimator?
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 What are short FFT algorithms?
 How do you choose the required
wordlength?
 What are Fast Convolutions and how
are they realised?
 How do you deal with a DSP problem in
practice?

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DSP Course content
Assumed DSP background

DSP Background folder

 1-Introduction
 2-z transform
 3-transfer functions
 4-Signal Flow Graphs
 5-digital filters intro

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DSP Course content
2-Digital Filter Design
 1-Digital Filters (FIR)

 2-Digital Filters (IIR)

3-Multirate
1-Interpolation_Decimation

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AGC
DSP

4-Tranforms
 1-DFT

 2-DFT_one2two

 3-general transforms

 4-Wavelets

5-Finite Wordlength
 1-Finite Wordlength

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DSP Course content
6-Spectrum Estimation (Assumed
background in Mathematical
Background folder)
 1-Fourier transform & DFT
 2-FFT-based Power Spectrum Estimation
 3-Modern Spectrum Estimation
 4-Intro-Estimation
 5-Eigen-based methods
 6-A Prediction Problem
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DSP Course content
 7-Adaptive Signal Processing
 1-Adaptive Signal Processing

8-Applications
 1-Applications

 2-Applications

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 Digital Signal Processing &
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DSP Digital Filters  
BOOKS
 Main Course text books: Digital Signal
Processing: A computer Based Approach, S K
Mitra, McGraw Hill
 Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for
Signal Processing, Todd Moon, Addison
Wesley
 Other books:

 Digital Signal Processing, Roberts & Mullis,

Addison Wesley
 Digital Filters, Antoniou, McGraw Hill

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Analogue Vs Digital Signal Processing
Reliability:
Analogue system performance degrades due to:
  Long term drift (ageing)
  Short term drift (temperature?)
  Sensitivity to voltage instability.
  Batch-to-Batch component variation.
  High discrete component count
Interconnection failures
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Digital Systems:
  No short or long term drifts.
  Relative immunity to minor power supply
variations.
  Virtually identical components.
  IC’s have > 15 year lifetime
  Development costs
 System changes at design/development
stage only software changes.
  Digital system simulation is realistic.
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Power aspects
 Size

 Dissipation

 DSP chips available as well as ASIC/FPGA

realisations

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DSP Applications
Radar systems & Sonar systems
 
        Doppler filters.
        Clutter Suppression.
        Matched filters.
        Target tracking.
 Identification

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Image Processing
  Image data compression.

 Image filtering.

 Image enhancement.

 Spectral Analysis.

 Scene Analysis / Pattern recognition.

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Biomedical Signal Analysis

 Spatial image enhancement. (X-rays)

 Spectral Analysis.

 3-D reconstruction from projections.

 Digital filtering and Data compression.

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Music
  Music recording.

 Multi-track “mixing”.

 CD and DAT.

 Filtering / Synthesis / Special effects.

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Seismic Signal Analysis

  Bandpass Filtering for S/N

improvement.
 Predictive deconvolution to extract
reverberation characteristics.
 Optimal filtering. (Wiener and Kalman.)
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Telecommunications and Consumer
Products
These are the largest and most
pervasive applications of DSP and
Digital Filtering
 Mobile Communications

 Digital Recording

 Digital Cameras

 Blue Tooth or similar

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