Chapter – 1

Networking
Fundamentals
BUVANESH.K
WIPRO,MYSORE
What we cover in this chapter

 1.What is a Computer Network?
 2.Difference between LAN/WAN
 3.Difference between point to point/MPLS and Internet link
 4.Site-to-Site WAN topologies 
 5.Collision Domain
 6.Broadcast Domain
 7.Networking devices 
What is a computer network?
A set of computers connected together for sharing information & resources
A Simple Network
Benefits of a Network

 Information sharing: Authorized users can use other computers on

the network to access and share information and data. This could include special
group projects, databases, etc.
 Hardware sharing: One device connected to a network, can be shared
by many users.
 Software sharing: Instead of purchasing and installing a software
program on each computer, it can be installed on the server. All of the users can
then access the program from a single location.
Types of Networks

 Local Area Network (LAN) – It is a group of network components

that work within small area.
 Wide Area Network (WAN) – It is a group of LANs that are
interconnected within large area.
Difference between point to point, MPLS
and Internet link
 Will explain in training.
Site to Site WAN Topology

 Hub and Spoke Topology

 Full Mesh Topology
 Partial Mesh Topology
Hub and Spoke Topology
Full Mesh Topology
Partial Mesh Topology
What is a Collision Domain?

 What is a Collision?
Ethernet uses
CSMA/CD for determining when a
computer is free to transmit data thru the
medium. Using CSMA/CD all computers
monitor the transmission medium and wait
until the medium is free before transmitting.
If two computers try to transmit at the same
time a collision will occur.
 What is a Collision Domain?
Only one device in the collision
domain may transmit at any one time, and
the other devices in the domain listen to the
network in order to avoid data collisions.
What is a Broadcast Domain?

 A Broadcast Domain consists of all the

devices that will receive any broadcast
packet originating from any device within
the network segment.
 In the picture, "Computer A" is sending a
broadcast and switch will forward it to
every ports and all the switches will get a
copy of broadcast packet. Every switch
will flood the broadcast packet to all the
ports. Router also will get a copy of
broadcast packet, but the Router will not
forward the packet to the next network
segment.
Networking Devices
Repeater

 A repeater does exactly that – It repeats

any electric signals that come into one
port out of its other port.
 Ethernet or WiFi data transmissions can
only span a limited distance. Repeater
helps to extend that distance.
HUB

 A HUB is a multiport repeater.

 It allows to connect multiple PCs to a
single network.
 A HUB receives signal from one port and
transmit it to all the other devices
connected in that HUB. It is not an
intelligent device. If a computer A sends
out a signal, computer B,C & D will also
receive even though it was meant only for
computer B.
 It is a Half duplex Device.
 One collision domain and one broadcast
domain per device.
Switch

 A switch is an intelligent device.

 Unlike network hubs, a network switch
forwards data only to one or multiple
devices that need to receive it, rather than
broadcasting the same data out of each of
its ports.
 If computer A send a message to
computer B, a switch will make sure that
only computer B receives it.
 Switch can operate as full duplex or half
duplex.
 It has one collision domain per port and
one broadcast domain per device.
Bridge

 A bridge does the same function as a

switch. But it is slower and has less ports
than a switch. (Switch has 24 & 48 ports
whereas bridge has 2 ports)
 It operates only in Half duplex mode.
 One collision domain per port and one
broadcast domain per device.
Router

 Routers joins multiple networks together.

It forward packets based on IP addresses.
 A router is the device which allows a PC
to connect to WAN link/Internet.
 A router finds the best path to the
destination.
 One collision domain per port and one
broadcast domain per port. (Router
breaks broadcast domain.)
Firewall

 Primary function of a Firewall is to

protect a network from unauthorized
users/hackers.
 Firewalls can be configured with "rules".
Firewall rules can be used to allow/deny
network traffic from/to the network.
These rules can be based on
Source/Destination network,
Source/Destination IP Address,
Source/Destination TCP/UDP port
numbers, Protocols, Applications etc.
Wireless Access Points

 When you don’t have Wi-Fi on a device,

If you want Wi-Fi for that device you can
use wireless access point and connect to
the device that you need wi-fi.
Load Balancer

 Load balancers allow you to distribute

load between several servers.
 Advantages of load balancer is Reliability
and capacity.