Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K7 - Aspek Bioetika Hiv-Aids
K7 - Aspek Bioetika Hiv-Aids
HIV/AIDS
DIVISI BIOETIKA-HUMANIORA-MEDIKOLEGAL
dan PROFESIONALISME
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN USU
2012
HIV & AIDS
HIV
2
Three primary types of contact that can
result in transmission of HIV
Sexual contact, that is, contact with infected genital
secretions (semen, vaginal fluids, menstrual blood)
Injection of infected blood through transfusions or
needle sharing
Pregnancy in an infected mother
3
Transmission that is not biological possible
Shaking hands
Sharing a toilet
Sharing eating utensils
Being sneezed upon
Living in the same household
Working in the same room or attending the
same classroom
4
Aspek Etik AIDS
Javier Perez de Crueler ( Sekjen PBB )
“ AIDS rises crucial, sosial, humanitarian, and legal
issues, threatening to undermine the fabric of
tolerance and understanding upon which our societies
function “ .
Reaksi spontan masyarakat (termasuk
kalangan kedokteran sendiri) pada waktu
pertama kali menghadapi penyakit AIDS adalah
menjauhkan diri dari penderita, berusaha tidak
menyentuh penderita, bahkan membakar bekas
pakaian penderita
Social stigmatization
HIV disease, in particular, carries with it the
social stigmatization that complicates mental
health and threatens life-sustaining activities.
“Telling friends I’m HIV positive is not the
same as telling them I’m flu”
6
Ethics issues related to HIV & AIDS
Disclosure
Disability rights
Economical resources
Employment rights
Medication & Treatments
Suicide
Duty to warn
7
Disclosure
To tell or not?
Decisions whether to disclose the diagnosis in the
workplace.
A doctor with HIV needs not to disclose?
8
Disability Rights
Disability rights awareness
e.g., “Somehow a check-out person at a local grocery
store found out I had AIDS and started wearing latex
gloves every time she waited on me. I called their legal
department and informed them that this needed to
stop or I would sue them”
9
Economical resources
Financing treatment
e.g., “Askes/Jamkesmas doesn’t pay for my
prescriptions anymore.”
10
Employment
Can they decide whether to stay in their current
position or not?
e.g., “My old job as a nursing assistant was too high
risk, so I had to leave.”
Emotionally missing work
e.g., “Work had always been important to me and it
really hit me all at once that I wasn’t able to do it
anymore.”
11
Medication & Treatments
Dissatisfactory with the treatment providers
e.g., “A lot of times I’m not in the mood to talk with
the doctors in the clinic. They don’t listen and they are
very clinical.”
12
Medication & Treatments (cont.)
Treatment effects
e.g., “I had a very bad reaction to the drug I was taking
and had to go back into the hospital”
13
Suicide: the dilemma of the right to die
High suicidal rate
the relative risk of suicide in men with AIDS aged
20-59 years was 36.30 times…that of men aged 20-
59 years without this diagnosis. (New York City,
1988)
Seven people during a 6-week period took their
own lives after testing positive for the virus, even
though they were asymptomatic
(Miami, 1987)
14
Is there a legal duty to protect or warn third
parties
Whether a therapist has a duty to protect third parties
when his or her patient, if HIV-positive, persists in
engaging in unprotected sex with an unknowing
partner involves complex clinical and legal questions
which have not been adequately addressed.
15
Counselor’s guide to make an ethical
decision
Moral Principles
Ethical decision making model
16
Moral principles
Autonomy: individual freedom and choice
Nonmaleficence: do no harm to clients
Beneficence: the welfare of the clients
Justice: If an individual is to be treated differently, the
counselors needs to offer a rationale that explains
Fidelity: loyalty, faithfulness and honoring
commitments
17
Ethical decision making model
1. Identify the Problem
2. Apply the Code of Ethics
3. Determine the nature and dimensions of the
dilemma
4. Generate potential consequences of all options and
determine a course of action
18
Contd.
5. Consider the potential consequences of
all options and determine a cause of
action.
6. Evaluate the selected course of action.
7. Implement the course of action.
19
Counseling implications
Counselors require to be knowledgeable about federal,
state, and local laws.
Especially when illegal treatment in the workplace
takes place, counselors advocate for clients who have
encountered discrimination
20
About disclosure,
counselors can…
Help clients identify the risks and benefits they are
likely to encounter by disclosing their illness.
Help clients explore concerns associated with the fear
of disclosure, living with nondisclosure.
21
About the treatment issues,
counselors can/may
May find their clients feeling overwhelmed with their
medical treatment, medical personnel, and health care
systems.
Can help clients to cope with emotional reactions to
their illness and to interpersonal insensitivity from
medical care providers.
22
Risk reduction counseling is suggested
Safer sex practice
No needle sharing
Avoid pregnancy
23
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