CHAPTER 4:

Reproduction
4.1 SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Reproduction ????
Process of
producing new
individuals from
living organisms
 REPRODUCTIO
N

SEXUAL ASEXUAL
Involves Does not Involve
reproductive reproductive cells
cells
 THE IMPORTANCE
THE IMPORTANCE
OF REPRODUCTION
OF REPRODUCTION
Produce new generation
• different from its parents Avoid death
• Shows genetic variation species
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
involve two parents

FEMALE PARENT MALE PARENT

Carries female Carries male
reproductive cell reproductive cell
 FERTILISATION
fusion of male and female
gametes to produce new life
 INTERNAL EXTERNAL
FERTILISATION FERTILISATION
Occur inside female Occur outside the
parent’s body female parent’s body
 INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
 EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Only ONE PARENT involve
• Have NO FERTILIZATION process
• New individual SIMILAR to their parent
• Have NO VARIATION
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BINARY REGENERATION VEGETATIVE

REPRODUCTION
FISSION

SPORE
BUDDING
FORMATION
BINARY
Division of a single parent cell
FISSION into two daughter cells. Eg:
Amoeba, paramecium
 - Forming a bud on the organism’s
BUDDING body
- Starts off as a swelling
 REGENERATION
Ability of the fragments of some
organisms to grow and develop into
PLANARIA completely new individuals
STARFISH
 SPORE Spore (in sporangium) which is tiny
FORMATION and light get scattered by the wind
 - Produce new plants from a vegetative part of
VEGETATIVE
plant
REPRODUCTION
- Vegetative part: roots, stem, bulb, leave
- Eg: carrot, onion, ginger, potato
4.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Know structure, label and function of

HRS
2. Physical changes during puberty
3. Compare male & female gametes
MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Urinary
bladder

Seminal vesicle
prostate gland
Sperm duct
Urethra
scrotum

penis testis
 TESTIS
Produce male
gametes (sperms)
and male sex
hormones
 SCROTUM
Hold and protect
the testis
 SPERM DUCT
Transport sperms
from testis to
urethra
SEMINAL VESICLE
Secretes nutritional
fluid for the sperms
PROSTATE GLANDS
Secrete fluid which
contains nutrients
and protects sperm
cell
 URETHRA
Channel to
discharge sperm
and urine from the
body
 PENIS
Transfer sperm into
vagina of the
female during
copulation
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Fallopian tube

uterus ovary

vagina cervix
 OVARY
Produce female
gamete (ovum) and
female sex
hormones
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Place where
fertilization occur
(between sperm
and ovum)
 UTERUS (WOMB)
Place embryo
develops and grows
 CERVIX
Produce mucus
(enable sperm to
swim into the
uterus)
 VAGINA
- receive sperm
- channel through
which a baby is
born
 PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Vocal cord enlarge and voice become deeper

 PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Moustache and beard begin to grow

 PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Hair grows on the face, armpits and chest

 PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Testes produce sperm and sex hormones

• Hair grows at pubic region
• Penis and scrotum  enlarge
PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Hair grows on the armpits

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Breast grow
• Hip become firm and broader
PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE Early stage of

the maturity

• Ovaries produce ovum and sex hormones

• Hair grows at pubic region
• Menstrual cycle  begins
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES

real picture of real picture of

SPERM OVUM
SPERM OVUM
testis Produced by ovary
Male gamete Gamete Female gamete

Able to move Ability to move Not able to move

Smallest cell in the

Smallest cell in the male’s
body size female’s body
4.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

menstrual cycle???
menstruation???
MENSTRUATION When women reach puberty
MENSTRUATION
Breakdown of the lining
of the uterine wall and
discharge of blood
through the vagina
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Ovary and ovum
1. Controlled by the brain and endocrine system
- Secrete hormone
2. Lasts for 28 days (differs for each individual)
3. Factors that affect the menstrual cycle
• Nutrient intake
• Abrupt change in body weight
• Emotional changes and mental pressure
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- Series of changes that
occurs in the uterine
wall and the ovaries

- Involve formation and

release of mature
ovum
4 PHASE
1.

MENSTRUATION PHASE
day 1-5
- Uterine lining  breaks down (menstruation)
- Discharged together (blood, unfertilized ovum and mucus)
2.

REPAIR PHASE
day 6-11
- Uterine lining  starts to rebuild and thicken
- Blood vessels form
- Ready to receive implantation of fertilized ovum
3.

FERTILE
PHASE
day 12-17
- Ovum released (14th day)  OVULATION
- Uterine lining  continues thicken
- Fertilisation occur  if sperms are present
4.

PREMENSTRUAL
PHASE
day 18-28
- Uterine lining  thicken/richly supplied with blood vessel
- if fertilisation occur  Ready for implantation of an embryo
- If fertilization not occur menstrual cycle will repeat
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
 Importance of personal hygiene
during menstruation
- Ensure reproductive
system is not infected
with microorganisms
like bacteria, virus and
fungi
1. Change sanitary pad 3-4 times a day 
prevent infection of bacteria and virus
2. Menstruating women  bathe frequently
 IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION
(negative effect)
- Infertility (eg: ovarian cancer, uterus cancer)
- Difficulties in family planning
- Health problem (eg: anaemia)
4.4 FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY

After
that ??

- Fusion between sperm and ovum

In this chapter, u will know:-
1. Communicate about fertilization and
implantation

2. Importance and function of placenta and

umbilical cord

3. Development of
 4. Embryo
implant on
uterine wall and
grow as foetus

3. Zygote 2. If ovum present 1. Sperm will

divide and in fallopian tube,
swim into the
form embryo. fertilization may
occur (produce vagina during
zygote copulation
ABNORMAL
PREGNANCY
Growth of
zygote to
embryo
and foetus
until birth
 IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF PLACENTA AND
UMBILICAL CORD
PLACENTA
Place where
• exchange oxygen & CO2
• supply nutrients
• removal of waste materials
through mother’s blood and
foetus
AMNION
Membrane that form a
sac and contain fluid
UMBILICAL CORD
• Tube that connects
foetus to placenta
• There are bood vessels
(transport blood to &
from foetus)
AMNIOTIC FLUID
Act as cushion to
• absorb concussion
• Protect foetus from injuries
TWIN
 BABY,
PLACENTA
AND
UMBILICAL
CORD
In this chapter, u will know:-
1. Communicate about fertilization and
implantation

2. Importance and function of placenta and

umbilical cord

3. Development of
4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A FOETUS AND BABY
 Same or
different
nutritional
requirement?
 Foetus
obtain
nutrients
and
oxygen
from the
mother
HEALTHY FOOD  HEALTHY BABY
UNHEALTHY FOOD
 UNHEALTHY BABY
ABNORMAL
FOETUS
Carbohydrate
Protein
CALCIUM
Vitamin A
Iron
Vitamin C
Calcium for:
• healthy
formation of
foetus bones
• Protect
bones/teeth of the
mother
 Can pregnant
woman do this?
 Will affect
their babies
 Low birth weight
Higher mortality rate

Premature baby
Retarded baby
miscarriage
FETAL ALCOHOL
SYNDROME
FOETAL DEFECTS
IMPORTANT OF BREAST MILK

• Contain all essential nutrients

• Contain antibodies protect
baby from certain diseases
• Mother/baby  become
closer
• Better digestion compare to
formula milk
4.6 INFERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTION
 In this subtopic, u will know:-
1. Meaning of infertility and how to
overcome them
2. Differentiate method of contraception
3. Importance of health
screening/immediate treatment (related
to RS)
INFERTILITY
Inability to produce
offspring (children)
Factor of sterility in male and female

Reproductive system infected

with disease /defective
reproductive system
 impotent Cannot produce
sperm

Factor of sterility in male

 Abnormal uterus

Cannot produce
ovum

Factor of sterility in female

Methods to overcome sterility
1. Hormone treatment
For those
who have
imbalanced
hormone
Methods to overcome sterility
2. Surgery
For those who
have blockage
in their
fallopian
tube/sperm
duct
Methods to overcome sterility
3. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Takes out the ovum to be fertilized with the sperm outside

the body. Embryo formed then put inside the uterus
Methods of Contraception Married couple
can plan their
1. Contraceptive pills family

Can prevent
ovulation
Methods of Contraception
2. Implants

Secrete the
hormone that
prevent ovary from
producing ovum
Methods of Contraception
3. Use of condom
Prevent sperm
from entering the
vagina
Methods of Contraception
4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)

Inserted inside the woman’s uterus (prevent

implantation)
Methods of Contraception
5. Vasectomy
Cut the sperm duct,
two ends are then
tied to prevent
sperm from being
transported
Methods of Contraception
6. Ligation

Cut the fallopian tubes, two ends are then tied to

prevent ovum from meeting the sperm
The importance of practicing
frequent health screening to
get immediate treatment for
problems related to
reproductive system
HEALTH SCREENING  detect early
symptoms of chronic diseases

Yearly (starting at the age of 40)

CANCER (uterine,
cervical, prostate)
 Can be treated
if detected earlier
 Reduce risk of
health problem
 which
require high
cost treatment
Doctor can consult the
correct and safe
contraceptive method
4.7 PLANT REPRODUCTION
 In this subtopic, u will know:-
1. Structure and function of flower’s parts
2. Pollination process
3. Process of fertilization and formation of
seeds and fruits
4. Germination process of a seed
5. What to do if germination does not
Plant need to reproduce
to ensure their
survival.
They have to be
replaced with
new organisms
 Longitudinal
section of a flower
Longitudinal section of a
other flowers
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EACH PART OF A FLOWER
 Female Male
Reproductive Reproductive
Organ Organ
Usually colourful to attract insects and animals
Protect flower during the bud stage
POLLINATION
- Process of transferring matured pollen grains from
anther to stigma
POLLINATION
- Matured anther will burst and spread the pollen grains

Some
might Some are
fall on brought by
soil pollinating
agents to the
stigma
POLLINATION – (self-pollination)
Pollen grain
 transferred to
the stigma (same
flower)

Pollen grain
 transferred to
the stigma of
another flower
(same plant)
POLLINATION – (cross-pollination)

Pollen grain transferred to the stigma of another

flower (different plant of the same species)
POLLINATION AGENTS

How pollen grains from a plant get transferred from

the anther to the stigma?
1. Pollen grain from anther 2. Pollen grain carried by
(flower A) sticks on the the insect are transferred to
body/legs of the insect the stigma (flower B)
POLLINATION AGENTS
1. Animals and insects
- pollen grain stick on the beak/body
- When insects suck its nectar

Flower’s characteristic
- big/colorful petal
- Have nectar/smell nice
- Rough/sticky pollen grain
durian rambutan

EXAMPLES
POLLINATION AGENTS
2. Wind
- Light pollen grain blown by the wind
- Reaches the stigma of another flower

Flower’s characteristic
- White/pale petal
- Long and furry stigma
- Plenty of small, smooth and light PG
- Long filament and style
 grass

corn
EXAMPLES

paddy lalang
 The Advantages of Cross-Pollination
- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

+
1. New varieties of plants
 The Advantages of Cross-Pollination
- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

+
2. Good quality seeds
 The Advantages of Cross-Pollination
- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

+
3. More resistant to pests and diseases
 The Advantages of Cross-Pollination
- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

+
4. Healthier plants which can adapt better to
changes in the environment
 The Innovation Of Cross-pollination In Agriculture
- Widely used to produce better crops with higher quality

PALM OIL
CO
PAPAYA
RN
PADDY
PALM OIL
Pisifera
+
Dura
• More fruits
and flesh
• Thinner shell
Tenera
PAPAYA
Subang 6
+
Sunrise solo

• Sweeter fruits
EKSOTIKA • More flesh
CORN
Sweet corn
(Taiwan)
+
Sweet corn
(Mexico) • Sweeter
• bigger
• Higher
MASMADU resistance
PADDY
Siam-29
+
Pebifun
• More harvest
MALINJA • Ripe faster
 Fertilisation Process
- Male gamete
carried by the
pollen fuses
with the female
gamete in the
ovule
1.Pollen grain  fall onto
stigma
2.Pollen tube  carried
male gamete towards
ovary
3.Pollen tube penetrate the
ovule
4.Male gamete fuses with
female gamete
(fertilisation)
Structure of Seed and Their Function
- Ovule grows inside
ovarydevelop
into seed
- Other part of
flower wither
and fall
 Protects the seed
Small hole to
allow air/water to
enter the seed Develop into
new shoot

Stores/provide food Develop into

for the seed the root
 Germination of Seeds
• Testa bursts
• radicle starts to appear and grow downwards
into the soil to form root
• Plumule grows upwards to form a new shoot
 Cotyledon are Cotyledon remain
carried out of the in the soil during
soil germination
The conditions required for germination of seeds

• Water
• Air
• Suitable temperature