Measures of Position

Section 2-6

M A R I O F. T R I O L A
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Measure of Position

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 Measure of Position

 Z Score (or standard score)

the number of standard deviations a
score is above or below the mean

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Measure of Position
z-score
Sample

x
z= s– x

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Measure of Position
z-score
Sample Population

x – x z= x – µ
z= s 

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Measure of Position
z-score
Sample Population

x – x z= x – µ
z= s 
round to 2 decimal places
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FIGURE

Interpreting Z Scores

Unusual Ordinary Unusual

Values Values Values

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

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Example

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Measures of Position

Quartiles, Deciles,
Percentiles

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Quartiles

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Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3

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 Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3
divides ranked scores into four equal parts

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 Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3
divides ranked scores into four equal parts
25% 25% 25% 25%

Q1 Q2 Q3

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 Deciles
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
divides ranked data into ten equal parts

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 Deciles
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
divides ranked data into ten equal parts

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9

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 Percentiles
99 Percentiles

or

k th Percentiles (for a given number k)

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Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

Fractiles

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 Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

Fractiles
partitions data into approximately equal parts

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Finding the Percentile of
a Given Score

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 Finding the Percentile of
a Given Score

number of scores less than x

Percentile of score x = • 100
total number of scores

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Finding the Score
Given a Percentile

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 Finding the Score
Given a Percentile

n number of scores in the data set

k k percentile being used

L= •n
L locator that gives the position of a score
100
Pk kth percentile

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 Start

Rank the data.

(Arrange the data in
Finding the Value
order of lowest to
highest.) of the
Compute kth Percentile
L= k
( n) where
100
n = number of scores
k = percentile in question
The value of the kth percentile
is midway between the Lth score
Is and the next higher score in the
L a whole Yes original set of data. Find Pk by
number
adding the L th score and the
?
next higher score and dividing the
No
total by 2.
Change L by rounding
it up to the next
larger whole number.

The value of Pk is the

Lth score, counting
from the lowest Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics
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Quartiles
Q1 = P25

Q2 = P50
Q3 = P75

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Quartiles Deciles
Q1 = P25 D1 = P10
Q2 = P50 D2 = P20
D3 = P30
Q3 = P75 •
•
•
D9 = P90
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Interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1

Semi-interquartile Range: Q3- Q1

2
Midquartile: Q1+ Q3
2
10 -90 Percentile Range: P - P 90 10

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Interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1

Semi-interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1
2
Midquartile: Q1+ Q3
2
10 -90 Percentile Range: P - P 90 10

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Interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1

Semi-interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1
2
Midquartile: Q1 + Q3
2
10 -90 Percentile Range: P - P 90 10

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Interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1

Semi-interquartile Range: Q3 – Q1
2
Midquartile: Q1 + Q3
2
10–90 Percentile Range: P – P 90 10

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Exploratory Data Analysis

Section 2-7

M A R I O F. T R I O L A
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 Exploratory Data Analysis
 Used to explore data at a
preliminary level
 Few or no assumptions are made
about the data
 Tends to involve relatively simple
calculations and graphs

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 Exploratory Data Analysis Traditional Statistics
 Used to explore data at a  Used to confirm final conclusions
preliminary level about data
 Few or no assumptions are made  Typically requires some very
about the data important assumptions about the
data
 Tends to involve relatively simple
calculations and graphs  Calculations are often complex, and
graphs are often unnecessary

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 Boxplots
Box-and-Whisker Diagram
5 - number summary
 Minimum
 first quartile Q1
 Median
 third quartile Q3
 Maximum
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 Boxplots
Box-and-Whisker Diagram

60 68.5 78

52 90

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Boxplot of Pulse Rates (Beats per minute) of Smokers

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Figure 2-14 Boxplots

Normal

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Figure 2-14 Boxplots

Normal Uniform

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Figure 2-14 Boxplots

Normal Uniform Skewed

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 Outliers
Values that are very far away from
most of the data

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When comparing two or more boxplots,
it is necessary to use the same scale.

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When comparing two or more boxplots,
it is necessary to use the same scale.

100
90
80
PULSE

70
60
50
40

1 2
(yes) SMOKE (No)

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 Modified Boxplots
Box-and-Whisker Diagram

See page 103, Problem 11.

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