PUBLIC

BUILDINGS
• PUBLIC BUILDINGS ARE BUILDINGS WHICH
ARE USUALLY USED FOR PUBLIC.

SUCH AS:
BANK
MARKET
SCHOOL
HOSPITAL
What picture is it?
What picture is it?
What picture is it?
It is a school

What can people do there?

They can study
What picture is it?
It is a Traditional Market
What can we do there?
We can buy fruits, we can buy, vegetables, we can
buy meats.
What Picture is it?

What can we do there?

• Where is the school?

• Where is the Bank?

• Where is the Library?

• Where is the Restaurant?

 BANK

MARKET

1. Where is the Bank?

5. Where is Library
2. Where is the Store?
6. Where is the Hospital?
3. Where is the School?
7. Where is the Restaurant?
4. Where is the Market?
Generic and specific predictions
 Stative and Dynamic Predicate

In the sentences 1a-d and 2a-d describe states that exist, whether permanent or temporary in
nature. The predicate in this sentences are stative predicates and other sentences report
activities and have dynamic predicates.

3aGregory arrived here. 4a We waited.

3b I recovered from my headache. 4b The children were hungry.
3c The company started manufacturing silicon chips. 4c Snow lay on the ground.
3d Stella lost her tired look.
4d Ellen needed a dictionary.

5a Something moved.
5b The sun came up.
5c The boat drifted along.
5d They discussed the plan.
 Durative and Punctual

This sentence contains two verbs that have a punctual aspect,

kicking and trucking normally designate actions that are
momentary.
7 Albert kicked a ball and the ball struck a post.
Flash hit jump kick leap

8a They leave/arrive tomorrow.

8b The plane lands at 8:40.
8c The shop opens next week.
8d Mr. Edwards retires in May.
9a I (suddenly) remembered that I had an appointment at two.
9b I remembered (all along) what she had told me.

10a He felt a sharp pain in the shoulder.

10b He felt miserable about what he had seen.
11a Suddenly she knew just what she had to do.
11b She knew the answer yesterday but today she cannot think of it.

12a Harry reminded me of the appointment.

12b Harry reminded me so much of a fellow I used to know.
 Telic and Atelic

Vendler (1967) proposed a four way classification of predicates as stative,

activity, achievement, and accomplishment predicates, a classification that
derives essentially from Aristoteles. Stative and activity predicates are
atelic, and achievement predicates are telic.

14a George was waiting. Sandra was holding the baby.

14b Sandra was swimming. George was running.
14c George was leaving. Sandra was dying.
14d Sandra was writing a letter. George was cutting the rope.
 Prospective and Retrospective

38a Fred figured his friends had already started the trip.
38b Fred figured his friends were starting the trip just then.
38c Fred figured his friends would soon be starting the trip.
When a predicate such as figure is followed by a full clause, the verb in the full clause can
have the complete range of tense and aspect modification.

39a We asked Ronald to drive slower.

39b Jessica is thinking of visiting her grandmother.

40a Edgar apologized for missing the meeting. (or,…for having missed the meeting)
40b We denied seeing the report. (or,…having seen the report)

41 I helped Josie (to) bring in the groceries.

PREDICATOR
 Predicator is the word (sometimes a
group of word) which does not belong
to any of referring expression.

Referring expression is any expression

used in an utterance to refer to
something or someone (used with a
particular referent in mind).
Dwi Hantoro is reading the book of Harry Potter

Dwi Hantoro is reading the book of Harry Potter

So we get “is reading” or we call it “Remainders”, but we

don’t have found the predicator yet.
“is reading” the original of it is “Read”

So the predicator of the sentence

Dwi Hantoro is reading the book of Harry
Potter

- She have made an appointment

- I am happy
 The Parts of Predicator
The predicators in sentences can be of various parts of
speech:

• Noun
My mother is a doctor.
• Adjective
You are beautiful student.
• Verbs
The rabbit jumps highly
• Proposition
The books are in library
 PREDICATE VS PREDICATOR

• Predicates can be predicator in other

sentence.
• A simple sentence only has one
predicator, although it may well contain
more than one instance of predicate
Example :
A tall, beautiful woman entered the class.

Predicator: enter
Predicates: tall, beautiful, woman, class.
She is tall
She is beautiful
She is a woman
The building in the corner is a class
 Argument

In semantic analysis every proposition contains

one predicate and varying number of referring
expressions (noun phrases) called arguments,
like a window, Albert, marmalade, the house.
- Achmad speaks English
Predicator: speak, argument: Achmad, and English
- Dina is an engineer
Predicator: engineer, argument: Dina
- Fany gives him the book
Predicator: give, argument: Fany, him, the book
 Degree of Predicates

This chapter is an examination of three groups

of predicates (mostly verbs, but some
adjectives as well).

• Attitudinal predicates
• Enabling and preventing
• Perceptual predicates
 Attitudinal predicates
An attitudinal predicate is a verb or adjective
that expresses the feelings of the subject:
Examples:
• I hate this music,
• I’m fond of swimming
• Jenkins intends to withdraw from the race.
verbs: aim, mean, intend
 Enabling and preventing

Enabling Predicates

An enabling predicate is a verb or adjective which tells that

the following predication is made possible. Some predicates,
followed by an infinitive clause, express the fact that one
person makes it possible for another person or persons to do
something.
Examples:
Henry’s teacher allowed him to come late to class.
verbs: allow, authorize, permit.
 Preventing Predicates

The opposite of enabling is preventing,

‘disenabling.’ Here again three types can be
recognized. Person1 acts so that Person2 does
not act as Person2 wants to act.
Examples:
• Henry’s teacher forbade him to leave the room.
• verbs: forbid, prohibit
 
 Perceptual predicates

Perceptual verbs, also called ‘sensory verbs,’

express the sensations that we receive from
outside stimuli through our five senses.
• We saw some penguins.
• We looked at the penguins (with considerable
interest).
• Alice listened (intently) to the song.
• Ted tasted the soup (cautiously).
• The soup tasted good (to Ted).
 Some changes in valency

Valency is the number of argument that accompany a particular predicate.

Valency
Zero
Valency
Valency
One
Valency
Two
 Valeny Zero
Valency zero is a sentence best on the meaning in
pragmatic but we can’t found the semantic.
• It is snowing.
• It’s raining.
The first sentence in the group above has the verb
snow, and the subject is it, but it doesn’t name
anything. The sentence has a subject because English
requires a subject, but this subject does not
correspond to anything in the underlying proposition.
 Valency One
Valency one is a sentence have one argument
have predicate and subject but don’t have object
• My brother snores.
• The dog is sleeping.
• Larry laughed.
• Sentence 1 has the verb snore and a subject my
brother. A lot of verbs are like snore: they have a
subject but no object. They are intransitive verbs
or, in our terminology, one-argument predicates.
 Valency Two
Valency two is a valency that have two
argument predicate .
Ex: the cat kill a rat.
a. Argument one as subject (the cat)
b. predicate as action (kill)
c. argument two as object/ affected (a rat)
• Valency changing operation
is a syntactic or morphological operation due to
which the relationship between a verb and its argument
is changed.
ex: 1)Tom broke the window
Arg1 Predicate Arg2

agent action affected

Tom broke the window