Professional Documents
Culture Documents
•Clocked Systems
•Latches and Registers
•System Timing
•Setup and Hold Time
•Phase Lock Loop (PLL)
•Metastability and Synchronization Failures
Output
Input
Clock
Latches and Registers
Single-phase clock
The time before the clock edge that the D input has to be stable is
called the Setup time (Ts)
The time after the clock edge that the D input has to remain stable
is called the Hold time (Th)
The delay from the positive clock input to the new value of the Q
output is called the clocked-to-Q delay(Tq)
Clock time or Cycle time (Tc)
Cycle Time (Tc)
Clock
Setup Time (Ts)
Data
Combinational Combinational
Latch Logic Latch Logic Latch
A Tq Tda Ts B
Tdb C
C C C
Clock
Tc=Tda+Tdb+[2(Tq+Ts)]
Setup and Hold Time
In synchronous system, if the data input to a register
dose not obey the setup and hold-time constraints, then
potential clock race problems may occur.
Hold time violation : Tc2>(Tc1+Tq1)
Setup time violation : (Tc1+Tq1) - Tc2 is larger than the cycle
time, Tc then the data will arrive late at M2
Reg Combinational Reg
D q Logic D q
Tq Tda
Tda Ts
C C
M1 M2
Clock Tc1 Tc2
Delay Delay
Phase Lock Loop (PLL)
PLL is used to generate internal clocks on chip for
two main reasons
1) To synchronization the internal clock of a chip with
an external clock.
2) If it is desired to operate the internal clock of a chip
at a higher rate that the external clock input.
/n
Phase U
Charge Filter VCO
Detector
D Pump n*fin
Reference
Clock
PLL
The phase detector detects the difference between
the reference clock and VCO clock and applies charge-up
or charge-down pulses to the charge pump.
Clock
Two-phase clocking
Phi1(t) . phi2(t) =0 for all t.
During Phi1=1: charges the gate capacitance of the inverter
and the out put capacitance of the transmission gate(c1).
During phi2=1 the stage-1 transmission gate opens and the
inverse of the stored value on C1 is placed on C2.
phi
1
phi
2
Phases must not overlap:
non-overlap region
Single phase memory structures
clk signal may be passed through a transmission gate to equalize delay with
respect to - clk
Dynamic single clock latches
Dynamic latches storing data on gate capacitance of inverter (or logic gate)
Can be clocked at high frequency since very little delay in latch elements
Examples: (a) or (b) show simple transmission gate latch concept and (c )
tri-state inverter dynamic latch holds data on gate when clk is high, (d) and (e)
dynamic D register
Operation of the un buffered L1 latch:
Assume D and clock was high, then X is initially low
and Q is high.
With the clock low ,high to low transition on D
causes X to go high, which turns P2 off, holding the
value at the Q output.
If D was low when the clock is high, then X is high
and Q is low, if D is high when clock is low, P1 is turned
off , holding X high, then Q is holding low
P3 feedback transistor is added to counteract noise
sources and leakage at X.
Single-Phase NP Dynamic Logic Structures
Combines NP Domino logic sections
with C2MOS latch
n-logic block can drive p-logic block or
another n-logic block with a static
inverter
similarly for a p-logic block
Must end in a C2MOS latch
clk logic: (a) prechrg on clk=0, eval clk=1
-clk logic: (b) pre on clk=1, eval on clk=0
clk logic can feed –clk logic & vice-versa
can mix static logic with NP domino
logic
Rules to avoid race conditions:
During precharge, logic blocks are OFF
During eval, internal inputs make only
one transition
Pipeline design:
Even number of inversions between
C2MOS
R. W. Knepper
SC571, page 5-72
Two phase memory structure
Compact implementation of of
two phase dynamic registers
shown at left using a tri-state
buffer form.
Transmission gate and inverter
integrated into one circuit
Two phase dynamic registers
and logic is often preferred over
single phase because
Due to finite rise and fall times, the
CLK and CLK’ are not truly non-
overlapping
Clock skew often is a problem due
to the fact that CLK’ is usually
generated from CLK using an
inverter circuit and also due to the
practical problem of distributing
clock lines without any skew
n- transistor can replace the transmission gate