CELL BIOLOGY
VERMA AND AGRAWAL
KOTPAL
RASTOGI
Sub-unit Description of content of the sub-unit (depth) Lect Text/Ref. for the topics
22.
Cell General organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Cell membrane Molecular organization, membrane transport principles. 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Cytoskeleton & Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filament, Cilia and 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
Cell Motility flagella. P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Structure and Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Lysosome, 10 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
functions Peroxisome, Mitochondria, and Ribosomes P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Nucleus Structure of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin fibres 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
and nucleolus. Nucleo-cytoplasmic interrelationship. P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Chromosomes Nomenclature, karyotype and giant chromosomes. 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
and Chromatin: heterochromatin and euchromatin. P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
Cell cycle and Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis 2 Rastogi, S.C., Verma,
Cell division: P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.
General organization of Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic cell
• Basic unit of life.
• Surrounded by a cell membrane.
• Contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and
they can reproduce.
• The biggest difference - Eukaryotes have a
nucleus, also have other membrane structures
called organelles.
• Such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Prokaryote
• Cell Wall: protective covering composed
of proteins carbohydrates and lipids.
• Plasma membrane: double-layer of phospho
lipids with associated proteins and other molecules.
• Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid, inside the plasma
membrane.
• Cytoskeleton: Rod-shaped bacteria possess
cytoskeletal proteins like eukaryotic cells (recent
discovery)).
• Ribosomes: Tiny protein-making machines (carry
out the genetic instructions).
• Glycocalyx: A layer outside of the cell wall,
and present in some bacteria. Two types slime
layers and capsules.
Slime layers: stick to things and protect
them from drying out, particularly in
hypertonic environments.
Capsules also allow bacteria to stick to
things and to hide from the host's immune
system.
• Cell Extensions: Several types of cell
extensions made of delicate protein strands.
flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae (attachment)
• Nucleoid: Region of cytoplasm that contains
DNA of the cell.
• Bacteria have a single, circular chromosome.
• Plasmids: Bacteria may also contain one or more
plasmids.
• a non-essential piece of DNA that helps in
antibiotic resistance, virulence (the ability to
cause disease) and conjugation
• Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotic
microbes, such as yeasts
Eukaryote
• Plasma membrane: Boundary (“wall”)
between the cell and the environment.
(“Selectively Permeable”).
• Microtubules: Part of cell skeleton which
maintains the shape of a cell.
• Nucleus: Heart of the cell.
Surrounded by nuclear envelope.
(“Control Center of Cell”).
• Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes
• Nuclear Membrane: The outer lining or wall of
the nucleus. (Sometimes this is called the
nuclear envelope.)
• Chromatin: Material which forms chromosome
Consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
• Vacuole: Membrane-bound.
For temporary storage of material. It is off to
the side.
• Mitochondria • Membrane-bound organelle that
generates energy from the cell. (“Powerhouse of
cell”)
• Lysosome • Contain enzymes which digest excess
organelles, food particles, viruses, and bacteria.
The “vacuum cleaner” of a cell. They break down
organelles not needed.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum • The site of cellular
chemical reactions. Rough ER means ribosomes
are attached and are synthesizing/making proteins.
(“Transportation system with workers”)
• Ribosome : cell produces proteins according to
the DNA instructions, which comes from the
nucleus.
• Golgi Apparatus • Flattens and packages
proteins to be sent to their appropriate destination.
• Cytoplasm : Clear, gelatinous fluid suspends and
holds organelles, such as the nucleus.
• Centrioles: Play a role in cell division.
• Cytoskeleton: Network of fine tubes and threads.
Provides internal structural support.
