ANALISIS FISIKOKIMIA

Prof. DR. Harrizul Rivai, M.S.

Guru Besar Kimia Farmasi
Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Andalas
REFERENCE

Copyright © 1998
INSTRUMENTAL
ANALYSIS
Classification of Analytical
Methods:

1- Classical or Chemical
Methods

2- Instrumental Methods
 Classical Methods:
• Separating the Components of sample by
precipitation, Extraction or Distillation
• Qualitative Analysis by treating the
separated components with reagents that
yield products that can be recognized by
their colors, their solubilities in a series of
solvents, their melting or boiling points, their
oders, their optical activities or their
refractive indexes.
• Quantitative Analysis by Gravimetric or
Titrimetric measurements.
 Instrumental Methods:
Early in the 20th century, measurements
of Physical properties of analyts such
as conductivity, electrode potential,
light absorption or emission, mass to
charge ratio, fluorescence,… began to
be used for quantitative and qualitative
analysis of a variety of inorganic,
organic and biochemical analytes.
 Types of Instrumental Methods:
• Emission of radiation • Electrical potential
• Absorption of radiation • Electrical current
• Scattering of radiation • Electrical resistance
• Refraction of radiation • Mass
• Diffraction of the • Mass to charge ratio
radiation • Rate of reaction
• Rotation of the • Thermal charact.
radiation • radioactivity
 Atomic Spectrometric Methods
for Qualitative and Quantitative
determinations:

1- Optical Spectrometry

2- Mass Spectrometry

3- X – Ray Spectrometry
Atomic Spectroscopy Based on Ultraviolet
and Visible Radiation:

• Qualitative and Quantitative

determination of more than 70
elements.
• Sensitivities of Atomic methods lie
in the ppm, ppb and ppt range.
• Fast, High selective and moderate
instrument costs.
Atomic Spectrum of Hg
Kelas A 5/11/19
Kelas B 11/11/19
 PROSES SERAPAN ATOM
• Suatu atom netral dalam keadaan gas dapat
menyerap radiasi dan elektron menjadi
tereksitasi ke level energi yang lebih tinggi
• Terjadi transisi elektronik tanpa terjadinya
transisi ke level energi vibrasi dan rotasi.
Bandwidth atau lebar pita lebih sempit
• Terjadi pada panjang gelombang yang diskrit, 
• Na(g) 3s  3p and 3p  5s dan transisi yang
lainnya dimungkinkan, pada energi foton transisi
yang tepat.
 PROSES SERAPAN ATOM
Spektroskopi atom berkaitan dengan pembahasan
mengenai serapan dan emisi cahaya oleh atom.

absorpsi
+ hv

emisi

+ hv
 Potensial ionisasi: 5,139 eV
E 5
N
E 4p0
R 3d 3p
4s 3s
G 2p
Y 3 6103 A0 2s
1s
(eV) 3303 A0 3p0
2
5890 A0

3s
0
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Diagram atomik untuk atom Natrium (nomor atom = 11)

TRANSISI SERAPAN ATOM
Molecular Spectrum:
Energy Level Diagram:
 ATOMIC LINE WIDTHS

Atomic line widths are caused by:

1. Doppler broadening
2. Pressure effects due to collisions
Doppler broadening :

No shift is seen for atoms perpendicular to the

path of the photon detector. Atoms moving
toward the photon detector are detected at a
higher frequencies and those moving away from
the detector at a lower frequencies.
 Pressure broadening:
Pressure or collisional broadening
results from the collisions of the emitting
or absorbing species with other atoms or
ions in the heated medium. These
collisions cause small changes in the
ground and Excited state energy levels
and lead to a range of absorbed And
emitted wavelengths.