Example

A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V and the resistance of the shunt field
and armature are 50 Ω and 0.03 Ω respectively. Calculate the generated emf.

Solution

E g  I a Ra  V
I a  I L  I sh
Vsh
Ia  IL 
Rsh Ra
230
I a  450   454.6 A
50 
 E g  454.6  0.03  230  243.638V
 Example
2

A long shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50 A at 500 V

and has armature, series field, and shunt field resistances of 0.05 Ω, 0.03 Ω,
and 250 Ω respectively. Calculate the generated voltage and the armature
current. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop.

Solution

I a  I L  I sh
Vsh
Ia  IL 
Rsh
500
I a  50   52 A
250
Ra
E g  I a Ra  I a Rse  V  brush drop
 E g  52  0.05  52  0.03  500  2  506.16V

 Example
3

A short shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 80 A at 250 V,

Ra= 0.05 Ω, Rse= 0.03 Ω, and Rsh= 100Ω. Calculate the following:

1) Generated voltage Eg

2) Pcu in each coil

IL
3) Pout (output power)
Rse
4) Power generated in armature
Solution I sh I se
V 250
1) Ia
I a  I se  I sh
Vsh  Vse  V Rsh Vsh
Vsh  I se Rse  V
Vsh  80  0.03  250  252.4V
 Example
4

Vsh 252.4
I sh    2.524 A
Rsh 100
I a  80  2.524  82.524 A
E g  I a Ra  I se Rse  V
E g  82.524  0.05  80  0.03  250  256.5V
2)
( Pcu1 ) series  I se2 Rse  (80) 2  0.03  192W
( Pcu 2 ) shunt  I sh2 Rsh  (2.524) 2  100  637W
( Pcu 3 ) armature  I a2 Ra  (82.524) 2  0.05  340.5W
3)
Pout  VI L  250  80  20 KW
4)
Pgen  Pout  Pcu1  Pcu 2  Pcu 3
Pgen  20000  192  637  340.5  21169 .5W
 Example
5

Two shunt D.C. generators each with an armature resistance of 0.01 Ω and
shunt resistance of 20 Ω, run in parallel and supply a total load current of
4000 A. The generated voltages (emf) are 210 V and 220 V for the first and
second generator respectively. Calculate the output power for each generator.
Solution I L  4000A
I sh1 I1 I sh 2 I2

I a1 Ia2

Rsh1 Rsh 2 V
 Example
6

I1  I 2  4000 (1)
For the 1st generator :
E g1  I a1 Ra1  V
 V 
E g1   I1   Ra1  V
 Rsh1 
 V 
210   I1    0.01  V dividing by 0.01
 20 
V V
I1    21000
20 0.01
V  2000V
I1  21000 
20
2001V
I1  21000  (2)
20
For the 2nd generator :
E g 2  I a 2 Ra 2  V
 Example
7

 V 
E g 2   I 2   Ra 2  V
 Rsh 2 
 V 
220   I 2    0.01  V dividing by 0.01
 20 
V V
I2    22000
20 0.01
V  2000V
I 2  22000 
20
2001V
I 2  22000  (3)
20
By subtracting :
2001V 2001V
I 2  I1  22000   21000 
20 20
I 2  I1  1000
I 2  1000  I1 (4)
 Example
8

By substituti ng eq.(4) in eq.(1) :

I1  1000  I1  4000  I1  1500 A
I 2  2500 A (from eq. 4)
Rearranging eq. (2) :
2001V
 21000  1500
20
2001V
 19500  V  194.9 volt
20
Pout1  VI1
Pout1  194.9 1500  292.35 KW
Pout 2  VI 2
Pout 2  194.9  2500  487.25 KW
 EMF equation of generator
9
There are basically two types of armature windings, the lap winding, and the
wave winding. This is the winding in which the emf is induced (generator
action).
In lap winding, the consecutive coils overlap each other. The conductors are
connected in such a way that the number of parallel paths equals to the
number of poles. Lap wound generators produce high current, low voltage
output.
In wave winding, the end of one coil is connected to the starting of another
coil of the same polarity as that of the first coil. The coils are connected in the
wave shape and hence it is called the wave winding. Wave wound generators
produce high voltage, low current.
outputs.

Lap winding Wave winding

 EMF equation of generator
10

In general,
ZN  p 
Eg    vol t
60  A 
A  2 for wave winding
A  p for lap winding
  magnetic flux/pole (Wb)
Z  total number of conductors
 No. of slots  No. of conductors /slot
p  number of poles
A  number of parallel paths
N  speed in (rpm)
 Example
11

A four pole generator, having lap winding armature with 51 slots, each slot
containing 20 conductors. Calculate the generated voltage when driven at
1500 rpm assuming 7 mWb as magnetic flux per pole.
Solution

ZN  p 
Eg   
60  A 
Z  51 20  1020
p  A  4 (lap winding)
7  10 3  1020  1500  4
Eg 
60  4
E g  178.5 V
 Example
12

An 8-pole shunt generator with 778 wave connected armature conductors and
running at 500 rpm supplies a load of 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of
250 V. the armature resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field shunt resistance is 250
Ω. Find the following:
1) Armature current.
2) Induced emf.
3) Magnetic flux per pole.
 Solution
13

1)
V 250
IL    20 A
RL 12.5
V 250
I sh   1A
Rsh 250
I a  I L  I sh  20  1  21 A
2)
E g  I a Ra  V
E g  (21 0.24)  250  255.04 V
3)
ZN  p 
Eg   , A  2 (wave winding)
60  A 
60 E g A 60  255.04  2
   9.834 mWb
ZNp 778  500  8
 Example
14

A D.C. generator has 10 coils with 10 turns in each, and 4 poles. If the total
magnetic flux per pole is 5 mWb, and the speed of armature is 1000 rpm.
Calculate the induced emf for:
1) Lap winding.
2) Wave winding.
Solution
Z  10  10  2  200 conductors
1) 2)
ZN  p  ZN  p 
Eg    Eg   
60  A  60  A 
p  A  4 (lap winding) A  2 (wave winding)
5  10 3  200  1000  4 5 10 3  200  1000  4
Eg  Eg 
60  4 60  2
E g  16.67 V E g  33.34 V
 Example
15

A shunt generator delivers 195 A at 250 V. Ra=0.02 Ω, Rsh=50 Ω. The iron and
friction losses is 950 W. find :
1) Generated voltage Eg.
2) Cu losses.
3) ηelectrical.
4) ηmechanical.
5) ηcommercial or ηoverall.
Solution
1)
E g  I a Ra  V
E g   I L  I sh  Ra  V
 V 

Eg   I L   Ra  V
 Rsh 
 250 
E g  195    0.02  250  254 V
 50 
 Example
16

2)
( Pcu ) arm  I a2 Ra  (200) 2  0.02  800 W
( Pcu ) shunt  I sh2 Rsh  (5) 2  50  1250 W
3)
Pout
e   100%
Pgen
Pout  VI L  250  195  48750 W
Pgen  E g I a  254  200  50800 W
or Pgen  Pout  ( Pcu ) all  48750  800  1250  50800 W
48750
 e   100%  96%
50800
4)
Pgen 50800
m   100%   100%  98%
Pgen  mechanical losses 50800  950
 Example
17

5)
 c   e  m
 c  0.96  0.98  0.94  94%

Note :
 c   e  m
P P
 c  out  gen
Pgen Pin
Pout
c 
Pin
Pin  Pgen  ( Ploss ) mechanical
 Example
18

A long shunt generator running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 KW at a terminal

voltage of 220 V. Ra=0.05 Ω, Rsh=110 Ω , and Rse=0.06 Ω. The overall
efficiency is 88%. find :
1) Cu losses.
2) Iron and friction losses (Pmechanical loss).
3) The exerted torque (T).
Solution I sh IL

1)
Pout  VI L Rse
Pout 22000 Ia
IL    100 A
V 220 Rsh V RL
V 220 Ra
I sh   2A Eg
Rsh 110
I a  I L  I sh  100  2  102 A 
 Example
19

( Pcu ) arm  I a2 Ra  (102) 2  0.05  520.2 W

( Pcu ) series  I se2 Rse  (102) 2  0.06  624.24 W
( Pcu ) shunt  I sh2 Rsh  (2) 2  110  440 W
2)
Pout P 22000
 overall   Pin  out   25000 W
Pin  overall 0.88
Pin  Pgen  ( Ploss ) friction & iron
Pin  Pout  ( Pcu ) all  ( Ploss ) friction & iron , where Pgen  Pout  ( Pcu ) all
( Ploss ) friction & iron  Pin  Pout  ( Pcu ) all
( Pcu ) all  ( Pcu ) arm  ( Pcu ) series  ( Pcu ) shunt  520.2  624.24  440  1584 .44 W
 ( Ploss ) friction & iron  25000  22000  1584.44  1415.56 W
3)
2N 60 Pin 60  25000
Pin  T T    238.73 N.m
60 2N 2 1000