CMOS MICROELECTRODE ARRAY FOR

MONITORING ELECTROGENIC CELLS

PRESENTED BY,
RENIT RAGHAVAN
S7 EC
ROLL NO:44
INTERNAL GUIDE:REMYA RAMESH
 OVERVIEW
 Introduction
 History
 Electrogenic cells
 Why CMOS?
 System architecture
 Application
 Advantages
 Future enhancement
 Conclusion
 Reference
INTRODUCTION
 Its a new biochip consisting of an array of
microelectrodes with fully integrated analog and
digital circuitry
 CMOS MEAs are used for the stimulation and
recording of activity from electrogenic cells
 Its generally a metallic electrode with similar
diameter as the cell
HISTORY
 Recording electrical oscillations in the brain
began in 1875
 Traditional methods include patch clamp and
voltage-sensitive dyes
 MEAs was discovered in the early 1970s by wise
and thomas
 In the year 2001 single chip solutions with fully-
integrated CMOS multiplexing and buffering
circuitry was presented
ELECTROGENIC CELLS
 Cells that exhibit the ability to become
electrically active are called electrogenic cells.
 Cardiomyocyte (heart cells) or neurons (brain
cells) are examples of electrogenic cells
 They rely on electric signals to communicate
with each other
 They have the ability to produce voltage changes
called action potentials
ELECTROGENIC CELLS
 Biochemical processes in vertebrates are based
on the activity of these cells
 Diseases based on malfunction of electrogenic
cells are among the most serious health problems
 The cell activity can be measured extracellularly
by using a microelectrode
ELECTROGENIC CELLS
MAMMALIAN NEURONS
 ELECTROGENIC CELLS

ca rd io my o cy tes (h ea rt cel ls) o r n eu r o n s (b r ain c ells)

WHY CMOS?
 Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
(CMOS) is a technology for constructing
integrated circuits
 High noise immunity and low static power
consumption
 It offers some decisive advantages, in particular
multiplexers and on-chip electronics
CMOS CHIP
MEA(MICROELECTRODE ARRAY)
 In a MEA, numerous electrodes are arranged in
an array on a planar substrate
 Neural signals are delivered or obtained through
MEA
 Neurons and muscle cells create ion currents
through their membranes when excited
 When recording, the electrodes on an MEA
transduce the change in voltage
VITRO MEA
CMOS MEA’S
 MEAs fabricated in CMOS are called CMOS
MEAs
 The use of CMOS electronics overcomes the
drawbacks of traditional MEAs
 CMOS electronics offer on-chip multiplexers
 It has MOS switches, which allow to use the
electrode for both, recording and stimulation
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 The chip size is 6.5mm by 6.5mm
 It consists of 128 electrodes in an 8x16 array
 The pitch of the pixel unit is 250 micro meter
 A digital control unit is integrated on the chip
 It consists of 16 ADC and a DAC
 An on-chip temperature sensor monitors the
chip operating temperature
MICROGRAPH OF CMOS MEA
OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 Action potential in an electrogenic cell causes
ion flow across the cell membrane
 This induce charges on the metal electrode
 Offsets of the electrode potential of up to 1 V
and drifts of up to 100 mV within a few seconds
have been measured
 A high-pass filter has been used as the first read-
out stage
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 The signals then pass a low-pass filter with a
corner frequency of about 5 kHz to prevent
high-frequency aliasing
 Finally, a buffer with a larger bandwidth has
been realized to further amplify the signal and to
allow for multiplexing
 To achieve good signal-to-noise ratio, an 8-bit
A/D converters has been used
RESULTS

Neural spike recording using cmos-mea

APPLICATION
 MEA finds a multitude of applications in both
applied and pure science
 It is used to study about brain
 Used for the detection of chemical and
biological toxins
 To study about health problems
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
 An MEA with more number of electrodes
 Integration of more sensors
 Use of stimulation buffer
CONCLUSION
 CMOS MEA is a monolithic extracellular
recoding system
 A new technology for the neuroscientist
 Viable approach to recover skeletal muscle
function and to restore visual perception
ADVANTAGES
 CMOS MEA include multiplexers and on chip
electronics
 Improved signal to noise ratio
 Low power consumption
 On-chip A/D and D/A conversion
REFERENCE
 Bates, J.B., Chu, Y.T., 1992. Electrode–
electrolyte interface impedance:experiments and
model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 20 (3), 349–362.
 Maher, M.P., Pine, J., Wright, J., Yu Chong, T.,
1999. The neurochip: a new multielectrode
device for stimulating and recording from
cultured neurons