Chapter Four

BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CRITICAL THINKING

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 1

09/09/2020
 Meaning of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking can be defined as a wide range of cognitive skills and

intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze, and
evaluate arguments and truth claims.
Critical thinking means thinking clearly and intelligently.
 it helps to discover and overcome personal preconceptions and biases; to
formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions; and to
make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to
do.
Critical thinking, thus, is thinking clearly, thinking fairly, thinking
rationally, thinking objectively, and thinking independently and impartial
The aim of critical thinking is to arrive at well-reasoned, considered, and
justifiable conclusions.

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 2

 Meaning of Critical Thinking

(1)John Dewey
critical thinking as an active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief
or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds, which support it
and the further conclusions to which it tends.
(2)Edward Glaser
(1) an attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems
andsubjects that come within the range of one‟s experience;
 (2) knowledge of the methods of logical enquiry and reasoning; and
(3) some skill in applying those methods.
Robert Ennis.
critical thinking as reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding
what to believe or do

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 3

 Meaning of Critical Thinking

 Richard Paul
Critical thinking is that mode of thinking – about any subject, content or problem – in which
the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the
structures inherent I thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.
 the only realistic way to develop one‘s critical thinking ability is through ‗thinking about
one‘s thinking‘ (often called ‗meta-cognition‘), and consciously aiming to improve it by
reference to some model of good thinking in that domain.
 .

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 4

 Meaning of Critical Thinking

 Critical thinking is sometimes referred to as criticocreative‘ thinking

 To be a good judge of issues, it is not enough to see faults in what other people say. You need
to base your judgment on the best arguments you can devise in the time available; and this
often requires you to think of relevant considerations other than those presented, look at
issues from different points of view, imagine alternative scenarios and perhaps find other
relevant information

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 5

 Standards of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is a disciplined thinking governed by clear intellectual standards .

Among the most important of these intellectual standards are clarity, precision, accuracy,
relevance, consistency, logical correctness, completeness, and fairness. In this lesson, we
will discuss these standards
1) Clarity : Clarity refers to clear understanding of concepts and clearly expressing them
in a language that is free of obscurity and vagueness.
Clarity refers to clear understanding of concepts and clearly expressing them in a
language that is free of obscurity and vagueness.
When we construct argument, we should take into consideration
or pay close attention to clarity.
Before we can effectively evaluate a person‘s argument or claim, we need to understand
clearly what the person is saying.
Critical thinkers, however, not only strive for clarity of language but also seek maximum
clarity of thought.

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 6

 Standards of Critical Thinking

 2) Precision: Precision is a matter of being exact, accurate and careful. Most ideas are vague and obscures
though we think we have precise understanding of them.
 To cut through the confusions and uncertainties that surround many everyday
problems and issues, it is often necessary to insist on precise answers to precise questions: What exactly is the
problem we are facing? What exactly are the alternatives?
 3) Accuracy It is about correct information. Critical thinking should care a lot about genuine information.
 Accuracy is about having and getting true information.
4) Relevance The question of relevance is a question of connections. When there is a discussion or debate, it
should focus on relevant ideas and information
 5) Consistency Consistency is about the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same
opinions or standards
 There are two kinds of inconsistency that should be avoided.
 One is logical inconsistency, which
involves saying or believing inconsistent things (i.e., things that cannot both or all be true) about a particular
matter

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 7

 Standards of Critical Thinking
 The other is practical inconsistency, which involves saying one thing and doing another.
6) Logical Correctness : To think logically is to reason correctly; that is, to draw well-founded conclusions from the
beliefs held.
We need to be able to reason from those beliefs to conclusions that logically follow from them.
Unfortunately, illogical thinking is common in human affairs
7) Completeness : In most contexts, we rightly prefer deep and complete thinking to shallow and superficial
thinking.
thinking is better when it is deep rather than shallow, thorough rather than superficial.
8) Fairness :
Critical thinking demands that our thinking be fair - that is, open minded, impartial, and free of
distorting biases and preconceptions.
People are often strongly disposed to resist unfamiliar ideas, to prejudge issues, to stereotype outsiders, and to
identify truth with their own self-interest or the interests of their nation or group .
Fairness implies the treating of all relevant viewpoints alike without reference to one‘s own feelings or interests
Because we tend to be biased in favor of our own viewpoint, it is important to keep the standard of fairness at the
forefront of our thinking.

Zelalem Mammo, Haramaya University, Harar 09/09/2020 8