INSTANTANEOUS POWER

by Engr. J. Tolentino
Electrical Circuits 2
“The INSTANTANEOUS
POWER p(t) (in watts) is the
power at any instant of time.
INSTANTANEOUS POWER p(t)
Instantaneous power absorbed by an element is the product
of the instantaneous voltage v(t) across the element and the
instantaneous current i(t) through it.

𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖 (𝑡 )
 
INSTANTANEOUS POWER p(t)
is the rate at which an element absorbs energy.
Now, consider the general case of instantaneous power
absorbed by an arbitrary combination circuit elements under
sinusoidal excitation.
Let the voltage and current at the terminals of the circuit be:

Where Vm and Im are the amplitudes (or peak values) and ϴv and ϴi are the
phase angles of the voltage and current, respectively.
Therefore, the instantaneous power absorbed by the circuits is
 
Applying the trigonometric identity:
 
We get,

1 1
 

𝑝 (𝑡)= 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼𝑚cos (ϴ𝑣 −ϴ𝑖)+ 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos(2ω𝑡+ϴ𝑣 +ϴ𝑖)

2 2
  1 1
𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos ( ϴ 𝑣 − ϴ 𝑖) + 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos(2 ω 𝑡 +ϴ 𝑣 +ϴ 𝑖)
2 2
This shows us that the instantaneous power has two parts. The first part is
constant or time independent.
 
1
𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos ( ϴ 𝑣 −ϴ 𝑖 )
2
Its value depends on the phase difference between the voltage and the current.
The second part is sinusoidal function whose frequency is 2ω, which is twice
the angular frequency of the voltage or current.
 
1
𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos (2 ω 𝑡 +ϴ 𝑣 +ϴ 𝑖 )
2
  1 1
𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos ( ϴ 𝑣 − ϴ 𝑖) + 𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 cos(2 ω 𝑡 +ϴ 𝑣 +ϴ 𝑖)
2 2
Sketch of p(t)
THANKYOU!If you have any question, Reference(s):
you may contact me at Fundamentals of Electric Circuit (5th Edition)
09772192291 by C.K. Alexander and M.N.O. Sadiku
Or email me at Images/Icons
johnjoseph_tolentino@tup.edu.ph from https://www.flaticon.com/