Bearing

What is bearing in machine?

 WHY ?

RADIAL LOAD AXIAL LOAD

Types of Bearing

Ball bearing

Mag ing
bear
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bear r
Rolle

neti
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S d
be lide n te
ar r ou ng
i ng M eari
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Ball bearing:
Ball bearing→Deep groove ball bearing:

❏ Radial loads

❏ Considerable axial loads

❏ Radial load = 0.7 * Axial load

Ball bearing→Double-row-deep-groove ball bearing:

❏ Very high radial loads

❏ Sensitive to misalignment

❏ Low noise and low vibration

Ball bearing→Self alignment ball bearing:

❏ Radial loads with moderate axial loads

❏ Overcomes moment strain in the bearing

❏ Only inner race is grooved

❏ High precision and speed

Ball bearing→Angular contact ball bearing:

❏ Radial and axial loads

❏ Used in pairs

❏ Reduce shaft vibrations

Roller bearing:
Roller bearing→Cylindrical roller bearing:

❏ High radial loads and no axial loads

❏ High speed and stiffness

❏ Low friction and long service life

Roller bearing→Tapered roller bearing:

❏ High axial loads and less radial loads

❏ Cup and cone assembly

Roller bearing→Needle roller bearing:

❏ High radial loads

❏ Saves space
Roller bearing→Self aligning roller bearing:

❏ Only axial load

❏ Higher load capacity

❏ Higher frictional losses

Mounted bearing:

❏ Ease of installation

❏ Pillow block and flange bearings

Linear bearing:

❏ Uses pad, bushing or rolling system to carry a load on rail

❏ Linear guides comes in two shapes - round and square

❏ Bearing for square rails cost more than round rails.

Magnetic bearing:

❏ Active magnetic bearing(ABM)

❏ Passive magnetic bearing failed

❏ PBM not considered Earnshaw theorem

❏ No contact bearing
Plain bearing:

❏ Journal bearing, and bushings

❏ Less cost and noise

❏ No rolling elements
Hydrodynamic journal bearing:

❏ Non - concentric to the shaft

❏ Lubricates itself
Hydrodynamic journal bearing: long
C = R - R1 ↔ C/R = 0.001
L >> R
R = radius of journal
R1 = radius of bearing
O = centre of bearing
O1 = centre of journal
h = clearance
E = eccentricity ratio

e = O - O1

E = e/C

h = C(1+E cos𝛳)
Hydrodynamic journal bearing: long

Reynold’s equation

Integrating once

x = R𝜭
Hydrodynamic journal bearing: long

Integrating once

Free from cavity

Sommerfeld number
Hydrodynamic journal bearing: short (L << R)
Reynold’s equation

Pressure of lubricant

Sommerfeld number
Selecting the right one:

Deep groove Angular Self - aligning Cylindrical Needle roller Tapered roller Spherical roller
ball bearing contact ball ball bearing roller bearing bearing bearing bearing
bearing

Radial load GOOD EXCELLENT GOOD EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

Axial load GOOD EXCELLENT FAIR BAD BAD EXCELLENT FAIR

Radial and axial GOOD EXCELLENT FAIR FAIR BAD EXCELLENT FAIR
load

Vibration or FAIR FAIR FAIR EXCELLENT GOOD EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

impact load

High speed EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR EXCELLENT GOOD GOOD GOOD

adaptability

MIsalignment GOOD BAD EXCELLENT FAIR FAIR FAIR EXCELLENT

 Bearing number:

CODE BEARING TYPE CODE SERIES CODE BORE SIZE CODE DESCRIPTION CLEARANCE CODE

0 Extra light
1 Self aligning ball 00 10mm Z One side shielded
C0
2 Spherical roller 1 Extra light thrust 01 12mm ZZ Two side shielded
C1
3 2x angular contact ball 2 Light 02 15mm RS One side sealed

4 2x deep groove ball 3 Medium 03 17mm 2RS Two side sealed C2

4 Heavy
5 Thrust ball bearing 04 X5 20mm V One side noncontact seal
C3
6 1x deep groove ball 8 Extra thin section 05 X5 25mm VV Two side noncontact seal
C4
7 1x angular contact ball 9 Very thin section 06 X5 30mm M Brass cage
Bearing life:
Let’s calculate the bearing life:
Total number of 106 x revolutions :

Bearing working hours :

Where :

P = Equivalent load in N
p = 3 for ball bearing
C = Rated load in N

n = speed of shaft in rpm p = 10/3 for roller bearing

For two or more bearing :

L = life of combined system

L1, L2, L3 are life of each bearing

e = 10/9 for ball bearing

e = 9/8 for roller bearing

Tribology

Friction

Wear

Lubrication
Why do we lubricate:

❏ To lubricate each part of the bearing and to reduce friction and wear.

❏ To carry away heat generated inside bearing due to friction and other causes.

❏ To cover contact surface with proper oil film in order to prolong bearing life.

❏ To prevent corrosion and contamination by dirt.

Lubricants:
Grease Oil

Lubricating ability GOOD EXCELLENT

Rotation speed LOW/MEDIUM SPEED HIGH SPEED

Replacement TROUBLESOME EASY

Life of lubricant RELATIVELY SHORT LONG

Cooling effect NO COOLING EFFECT GOOD

Filtration of dirt DIFFICULT EASY

Base oil:

❏ Viscosity index

❏ Pour point

❏ Oxidation resistance
Synthetic oils:
● Poly-alpha olefins(PAOs)
● Esters
● Polyalkylene glycols(PAGs)
● Alkylated aromatics
● Polybutenes
● Silicones
● PFPEs
● Phosphate esters
Advantages of synthetic oils:

❏ High VI

❏ Low pour point

❏ Good oxidation resistance

❏ Low volatility
Methods of oil lubrication:
OIL BATH OIL DRIP
Methods of oil lubrication:

OIL CIRCULATION OIL JET LUBRICATION

Grease :

❏ Suspension of oil in soaps

❏ Mostly used in rolling element bearing

❏ Sometimes used in light-duty journal bearing

❏ Grease system bearing serves inexpensive maintenance

❏ Temperature range is -40°C to 230°C

Additives to lubricants:
❏ Improve the VI
❏ Oxidation inhibitors
❏ Pour-point depressants
❏ Anti Friction additives
❏ Anti wear additives
❏ Corrosion inhibitors
Bearing material considerations:

❏ Friction

❏ Wear

❏ Strength

❏ Corrosion resistance

❏ Thermal properties
Causes of failures:
Excessive load
Causes of failures:
Overheating
Causes of failures:
Normal fatigue
Causes of failures:
Contamination
Causes of failures:
Lubricant failure
Causes of failures:
Corrosion
Causes of failures:
Tight fits
Causes of failures:
Loose fits
Installing a bearing:
HITTING MANUALLY
Installing a bearing:
INDUCTION HEATER
Installing a bearing:
HYDRAULIC PRESS
Removing a bearing:
BEARING PULLER:
Removing a bearing:
OIL INJECTOR
Removing a bearing:
INDUCTION HEATER
Oneprod’s bearing defender:
Manufacturers of bearing:
References:
❏ Applied tribology Bearing Design and Lubrication - Michael M. Khonsari
(textbook)
❏ Bearing design in machinery - Avraham Harnoy (textbook)
❏ Barden Precision Bearing - Failure: Causes and cures
❏ URLs;
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjSx-negOHqAhWd4zgGHbbcDhUQFjAAegQIAxAB
&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acoem.com%2Fchoose-your-tool%2Fbearing-defender%2F&usg=AOvVaw3X98kNisr1ADKXZw40LJYq

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/magnetic-bearings

https://www.nbcorporation.com/basics-linear-bearings/

https://koyo.jtekt.co.jp/en/2019/07/column01-02.html

https://koyo.jtekt.co.jp/en/