UNIT 1: MODULE 3

BIODIVERSITY AND
EVOLUTION
Review from Grade 8
What are
is a the
species?
taxonomic
classifications of organisms?
Domain
Species –=Kingdom
a group of– Phylum
– Class – Order
organisms – Family
that have certain–
characteristics
Genus - Speciesin common
and are able to interbreed
Objectives
Explain the importance of biological
diversity
Find out how changes in the
environment can affect species
extinction
Distinguish environmental changes
that may result in the loss of the species
Population = is a group of
organisms of the same species
living in a certain place at the
same time.

Community = also called biological

community, in biology, an
interacting group of various species in
a common location.
 biodiversity

Biodiverity = refers to the variety of life in an area. It is

the variety within and between all species of plants,
animals and micro-organisms and the ecosystems within
which they live and interact.
 How do scientists know that some
places are more diverse?

How do they know that diversity is

declining on a worldwide basis?
Index of diversity = is a quantitative
measure that reflects how many
different types (such as species) there
are in a community
 Index of Diversity
Calculate the Index of Diversity (I.D.)
using the given formula:
Index of diversity =
Number of species x number of runs
Total Number of different species
Communities with many different species (a
Why is biodiversity
high index of diversity) will be able to
important?
withstand environmental changes better
than communities with only a few species (a
low index of diversity).
In a balanced ecosystem, organisms need a balanced
environment. A change in population sizes may be due
to factors affecting the environment. Why is it that
populations do not increase without end?
Measuring Population Density
Determine the pattern of population
distribution using mathematical formula
Compare the distribution patterns of the
different populations.
Population density = the number of
individuals in an area
Density = number of individuals
size of the area
 Density = number of individuals
size of the area
FROG
NO. OF FROGS= 13

SIZE OF THE AREA

15cm x 20cm= 300cm2
15cm
Density = 13 frogs
300cm2
= 0.04 frogs/cm2
20 cm
frog lizard
 Population Density
Populations can be of the same size, but they may
have different densities.
 Limiting factors
environmental conditions that keep a population
from over increasing in size and thus help
balance ecosystems
Examples of limiting factors:
1. Food 6. light
2. Water 7. temperature
3. Predation
4. Soil
5. Nutrients
 Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size an
environment can support is called
CARRYING CAPACITY

If the population size rises above the

carrying capacity, organism die because
they cannot meet all their needs
 Endangered but not Extinct
a species in which the number
endangered
of individuals falls so low that
extinction is possible

threatened Species that have rapidly

decreasing numbers of individuals

extinct Last member of that species

is already dead
Endangered species in the Philippines

Tamaraw in
Mindoro
Endangered species in the
Philippines

Mouse deer
in Palawan
Endangered species in the
Philippines
Philippine Spotted Deer
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Deforestation
- one of the country’s environmental problems is the
rapid rate at which trees are cut down
causes:
Kaingin farming
Illegal logging
Conversion of argricultural lands to housing projects
Forest fires
Typhoons
As a consequence of cutting down trees, the
following effects are:
Soil erosion
Floods
Landslides
Wildlife depletion
Decrease in wildlife resouces
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Water Pollution
-is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater). 
Causes:
Industrial waste
Marine dumping
Oil pollution
Radioactive waste
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Effects:
EUTROPHICATION- is the process by
which a body of water becomes enriched
in dissolved nutrients (such as
phosphates and nitrates)
Algal bloom
 Harmful Algal blooms
a discoloration of seawater caused by
Red tide a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates.
 Harmful Algal blooms
Blue-green algae
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
BIOMAGNIFICATION
- the buildup of pollutants in organisms at
higher trophic levels in the food chain
-one class of dangerous chemicals present
in water is PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)
Produced in the making of
paints, inks and electrical
insulators
Other pollutants found in water are
heavy metals:
lead, mercury and cadmium –
these metals come from factories that
dump their wastes into rivers or lakes
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Air Pollution
-the presence in or introduction into
the air of a substance which has
harmful or poisonous effects.
- pollutants can enter the air as gases,
liquids or solids
 AIR POLLUTION
Causes:
1. Burning of fossil fuels
Carbon monoxide

hydrocarbons

Nitrogen oxides
 AIR POLLUTION
2. Agricultural activities
 AIR POLLUTION
3. Mining operations
 AIR POLLUTION
4. Indoor Air Pollution
 AIR POLLUTION
Effects:
1. Respiratory and heart problems
2. Global warming – is an increase in the earth’s
temperature from the rapid buildup of CO2
greeenhouse effect- is the natural process of
warming the earth

CO2 Global warming

3. Acid rain
4. Depletion of ozone layer
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Destruction of coastal resources
causes:
Deforestation, agricultural activities,
mining activities
Dynamite fishing
Coastal areas converted to beach resorts
and residential houses
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Destruction of coastal resources
Effects:
Destruction of coral reefs
Damaged mangrove areas
Death of marine species
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Acid precipitation
- commonly known as acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of
precipitation that is unusually acidic,
meaning that it possesses elevated
levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
 Global Issues that have contributed to
SPECIES EXTINCTION
Acid Precipitation
Effects:
1. Effect of Aquatic Environment
 Acid Precipitation
2. Effect on Forest
 Acid Precipitation
3. Effect on Soil
 Acid Precipitation
4. Effect on Architecture and Buildings
 Acid Precipitation
4. Effect on Public Health

respiratory problems