Database As Information System

DATABASE AS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
manual data processing, electronic data processing, database
concept and terminologies, types of database systems, creating
database
Manual data processing
Manual data processing
• Data processing refers to the transformating
raw data into meaningful output.
• Data can be done manually using a pen and
paper, mechanically using simple devices
e.g. typewriter
Manual data processing …
• Data collection involves getting the
data/facts needed for processing from the
point of its origin to the computer
• Data Input- the collected data is converted
into machine-readable form by an input
device, and send into the machine.
• Processing is the transformation of the
input data to a more meaningful form
(information) in the CPU
• Output is the production of the required
information, which may be input in future.
• Data is processed manually without using
any machine or tool to get required results.
• In manual data processing, all the
calculations and logical operations are
performed manually on the data.
• Similarly, data is transferred manually from
one place to another. This method of data
processing is very slow and errors may
occur in the output.
• Similarly, data is transferred manually from
one place to another. This method of data
processing is very slow and errors may
occur in the output.
Manual data processing (where?)…
• Many small business firms as well as
government offices & institutions. In an
educational institute, for example, marks
sheets, fee receipts, and other financial
calculations (or transactions) are performed
by hand (manual)
Manual data processing (why?)…
• This type of data processing forms the very
primitive stage when technology was not
available
• Where modern technology is not affordable
Manual data processing (pros?)…
• Cheap,
• Doesn’t need much knowledge
• Source of employment.
Manual data processing (cons?)…
• Very high probability of error,
• Labor intensive and
• Very time consuming.
Mechanical data
processing
Mechanical data processing
• Mechanical data processing method, data
is processed by using different devices like
typewriters, mechanical printers or other
mechanical devices.
• Compare with manual
Mechanical data processing
• Examination boards and printing press use
mechanical data processing devices
frequently.
batch data processing
Batch Processing
• Is a method where the information to be
organized is sorted into groups to allow for
efficient and sequential processing.
Real-Time processing
Real-Time Processing
• Real-Time Processing is a technique that has
the ability to respond almost immediately to
various signals in order to acquire and
process information.
Online processing
Online Processing
• Online Processing is a method that utilizes
Internet connections and equipment directly
attached to a computer.
• It is used mainly for information recording
and research.
Distributed processing
Distributed Processing
• Distributed Processing is commonly utilized
by remote workstations connected to one big
central workstation or server. ATMs are
good examples of this data processing
method.
Distributed Processing
• All the end machines run on a fixed software
located at a particular place and makes use of
exactly same information and sets of
instruction.
• Most companies are now shifting from the use
of geographically distributed personal
computers.
Electronic data processing
system
Electronic data processing system
• Electronic data processing or EDP is the
modern technique to process data.
• The data is processed through computer; Data
and set of instructions are given to the
computer as input and the computer
automatically processes the data according to
the given set of instructions.
Electronic data processing system
• This method is very fast and accurate. For
example, in a computerized education
environment results of students are prepared
through computer; in banks, accounts of
customers are maintained (or processed)
through computers etc.
Comparison between
manual and electronic data processing
Manual data processing system Electronic data processing
Low technology data processing e.g. paper and pencil Very high technology data processing e.g. computer
Difficult to adjust Easy to adjust i.e. formatting, editing
Difficult to produce copies with the same quality Easy to produce copies with the same quality
It takes time to produce data required It takes a very short time to produce data required
Difficult to move to different location Can move to different location easily
Generally not easy to read Generally easy to read
Importance of data processing
• To have records to be use on future
• To be up to date
• Secure
• Plan for the future
Database terminologies
• Database
• Is an organized collection of structured
information or data typically stored
electronically in computer system
• Is usually controlled by Database Management
System (DBMS)
Database terminologies …
• Database management system
• A program such as Access, that stores,
retrieves, arranges and format information
contained in database
• Criteria
• The conditions that control which records to
display in a query
• Data model
• The structure of the information stored in
database.
• A well designed database should eliminate the
need to enter the same data repeatedly and
prevent duplication of information, there by
maintaining the integrity of data
• Database modeling
• The process of strategically planning where to
store each piece of information you wish to
include in your database
• Datasheet
• A format of column and rows displaying
information
• Field
• A specific item of information containing a
homogeneous set of values throughout the
table.
• Field appears as columns in a table and as cells
in a form
• Field data types
• A characteristic of a field that determines what
kind of data it can store
• For example a field whose data type is text can
store data consisting of either text or number
characters, but a number field can store only
numeric data
• Field list
• A small window that lists the fields of a
selected table or data source
• Form
• A structured document with specific areas for
viewing or entering data one record at a time.
• Form can be constructed in columnar, tabular,
datasheet, or a simple justified format.
• Join line
• The line between two tables identifying the
common field between them
• Non-relational database
• Also called a flat file, stores information in one
table. Non-relational databases are useful for
information stored in a single list of student
names, addresses, and phone numbers.
• Object
• A component of a database, such as table,
query, form or report
• One-to-many relationship
• A relationship in which a record in the primary
table can be related to one or more records in
the related table
• One-to-one relationship
• A relationship between two tables in which for
each record in the first table , there is only one
corresponding record in the related table
• Primary key
• A field in a table whose value is uniquely
identifies each record in the related table
• Query
• A request for a particular collection of data in a
database
• Query By Example (QBE) grid
• The portion of the query design window used
for selecting fields, setting criteria and setting
sort order in a select query
• See on access
• Record
• An individual listing of related information
consisting of a number of related fields stored
in a table
• Record set
• The set of records and fields that result from
running a query
• Related table
• A table with a common field that uses values
stored in a primary table
• Relational database
• Is useful for maintaining and analyzing
complex information stored in a number of
tables
• Relation
• The direct or indirect association between any
tables in a database
• Report
• A formatted collection of information
organized to provide printed data on a specific
subject
• Select query
• A query that answers a question about one or
more tables by limiting the number of records
and fields displayed
• Table
• An arrangement of related information stored
in columns and rows
Data Flow Diagram
TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
• Individual
• is called microcomputer database. It is a
collection of integrated file primarily used by
just one person.
TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS …
• Company
• May be stored on a main frame computer and
managed by a computer professional (database
administrator) users throughout the company
have access to the database through their
microcomputers linked to local area networks
or wide area networks
• Distributed
• It is located in a places other than where users
are located. Typically the database servers on a
client/server network provide link to a link
between users and distant data
• Propriety
• Is generally an enormous database that an
organization develops to cover a certain
particular subject. It offers access to this
database to the public or selected outside
individual for free
IMPORTANCE OF DATABASE
SYSTEM
• Sharing
• In organizations, information from one
department can be ready shared with others
• Security
• Users are given passwords or access only to
the kind of information they need to know
IMPORTANCE OF DATABASE
SYSTEM
• Fewer files
• With several departments having access to one
file, there are fewer files
• Data integrity
• refers to the accuracy and consistency of data
stored in a database,

Database As Information System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Database As Information System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DATABASE AS

You might also like