Data

Communications

Network

Chapter 1
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING

INTRODUCTION
Protocols
and
The Standards
Internet
Data
Communications
I
Telecommunication – means communication at a distance (tele is Greek for
“far”)

Data - refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by

the parties creating and using data

Data Communications – exchange of data between two devices via some

form of transmission medium such as a wire cable

Effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental

characteristics:

1. Delivery 1. correct destination

2. Accuracy 2. data is accurate

3. Timeliness timely manner

4. Jitter variation in packet arrival time, uneven delay

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 FIVE COMPONENTS OF A
DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
1 Message – information or data to be communicated

2ClickSender – device
to edit Master that
text sends dataSecond
styles message
level

3 Receiver – device that receives the message

4 Transmission Medium – physical path by which a message

travels from sender to receiver
5 Protocol – set of rules that govern data communications

PAGE 3
 DATA REPRESENTATION

TEXT NUMBERS IMAGES AUDIO VIDEO

Represented as a Also, Represented Recording or Recording or

bit pattern, a represented by by bit broadcasting broadcasting of
sequence of bits patterns a picture or
bit patterns of sound or
(0’s or 1’s) movie
music
Unicode – uses 32 ASCII is not Composed of Can either be
bits to represent used. Numbers a matrix of Continuous in produced as
a symbol or are directly pixels nature continuous
character converted to a
(picture entity, or
binary number
elements) combination of
ASCII developed
images
what constitutes
now the first 127
RGB & YCM
characters in the
Unicode PAGE 4
 DATA FLOW

SIMPLEX

keyboards, traditional monitors

HALF
DUPLEX

talk-back radio, CB radio

FULL
DUPLEX
telephone network PAGE 5
 II

Networks
a
Network – set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. A node
can be computer, printer, or any device capable of sending an/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network

Distributed Processing - task is divided among multiple computers. Utilizes

separate computers (pc or workstation) instead of a single machine

A network must be able to meet certain criteria:

Performancecan be measured in many ways including: Transit time

– amount of time required for a message to travel
Response time – elapsed time between an inquiry and a response

Reliability is measured by the frequency of failure

Security protection of data from unauthorized access, damage and

development. Implementing policies for recovery from breaches
and data losses

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 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
A network is two or more devices connected through links.
Types of Connection

- provides a - more than two

dedicated link specific devices
POINT-TO-POINT between two share a single MULTIPOINT
devices link

- remote control
and t.v’s control
system

PAGE 8
 Topology

Physical Topology - the way in which a network is laid out physically,

geometric representation of the relationship of all the
links and linking devices (node) to one another

Two or more devices connect to a link

Two or more links form a topology

Four Basic Topologies:

Topology

Mesh Star Bus Ring

PAGE 9
 Mesh

In a mesh topology, every device

has a dedicated point-to-point
link to every other device.

Dedicated – link carries traffic

only in between the two devices
it connects.

Advantages:
1. Each connection can carry its own data load
2. Robust
3. Privacy or security

Disadvantages
4. Amount of cabling
5. Hardware to connect each link can be expensive PAGE 10
 Star

In a star topology, every device

has a dedicated point-to-point
link only to a central controller –
called hub.

Advantage:
Less expensive than a mesh topology

Disadvantage:
Dependency of the whole topology on one single point (hub).
If one hub goes down, the whole system is dead

PAGE 11
 Bus

A bus topology, on the other

hand is multipoint. One long cable
acts as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network.

Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Backbone cable can be laid along most efficient path

Disadvantages
3. Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
4. A fault or break in the bus cable stops all
transmission PAGE 12
 Ring

In a ring topology, each device

has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only devices on
either side of it.

A signal is passed along the ring

in one direction, from device to
device, until it reaches its
destination.
Advantages:
1. Easy to install and reconfigure
2. Fault isolation is simplified

Disadvantages
3. Unidirectional traffic

PAGE 13
Hybrid Topology

Combination of Different Topologies

PAGE 14
 NETWORK MODELS
Computer networks are created by different entities. Standards are needed so
that these heterogeneous networks can communicate with one another.

The two best-known standards are:

INTERNET MODEL
OSI MODEL
7. Application 5. Application

6. Presentation 4. Transfer Control

5. Session Protocol(TCP)

4. Transport
3. Internet Protocol
3. Network
2. Data Link
2. Data Link

1. Physical 1. Physical

PAGE 15
 CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
LAN
- allow resources to be shared
between personal computers or
workstations
- can be as simple as two PC’s
- limited to few kilometers
- In general, LAN topologies are
bus, ring and star
WAN
- provides long-distance
transmission of data
- Switched WAN – connects the
end systems
- Point-to-Point WAN –
normally line leased from a
telephone or cable TV, which
connects a home computer or
a small LAN to an ISP
PAGE 16
 - A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network
with a size between a LAN and a WAN.

MAN - It is designed for customers who need a high-speed

connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city.

PAGE 17
 III

The
Internet
 A Brief History on the Internet
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense
Mid was interested in finding a way to connect computers so that the researchers they
1960’s funded could share their findings, thereby reducing costs and eliminating
duplication of effort.

In 1967, at an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting, ARPA

presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of connected computers.
1967 The idea was that each host computer would be attached to a specialized
computer, called an interface message processor (IMP).

ARPANET was a reality. Four nodes, from four different universities in the US
1969 were connected via the IMPs to form a network. Software called the
Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, who were part of the core ARPANET group,
collaborated on what they called the Internetting Project.
1972 They outlined the protocols to achieve end-to-end delivery of packets. This
Paper on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) included concepts such as
encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions of a gateway.

TCP was split into two protocols:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - responsible for higher-level functions
Internetworking Protocol (lP) - handle datagram routing

PAGE 19
 The Internet Today
Today most end users who want Internet connection use the services
of Internet service providers (lSPs).

International Internet Service Provider

- connect nations together

National Internet Service Provider

- are backbone networks created and maintained by specialized
companies

Regional Internet Service Provider

- are smaller ISPs that are connected to one or more national ISPs.

Local Internet Service Provider

- provide direct service to the end users

PAGE 20
 IV
Protocols
and
Standards 
 PROTOCOL Set of rules that govern
data communications.

Key elements of a protocol:

SYNTAX the structure or format of the data, meaning the order

in which they are presented

how a particular pattern is to be interpreted, and what

SEMANTICS
action is to be taken based on that interpretation

when data should be sent and how fast they can be

TIMING
sent.

PAGE 22
 STANDARDS
AGREED-UPON RULES

Provides guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies,

and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity
necessary in today's marketplace and in international
communications.

standards that have not been approved by an

DE FACTO
organized body but have been adopted as standards
through widespread use

DE JURE standards that have been legislated by an officially

recognized body

PAGE 23
 Standards Organizations
Standard Creation Committees

ITU-T International
Telecommunication
IEEE
Institute of
Electrical and
Union- Electronics
Telecommunication Engineers

ISO International
Organization for
Standardization ANSI American
National
EIA Electronic
Industries
Standards Association
Institute
Regulatory Agency

FCC Federal
Communications
Commission
PAGE 24
THANK YOU
 CHARACTER
SYNCHRONIZATI
ON
Character synchronization
involves identifying the beginning and end of a character within a
(1) Asynchronous Serial Data
message.
 The term asynchronous literally means “without synchronism,” which in data
communications terminology means “without a specific time reference.”
 Asynchronous data transmission is sometimes called start-stop transmission
because each data character is framed between start and stop bits. The start
and stop bits identify the beginning and end of the character so the time gaps
between characters do not present a problem.
 For asynchronously transmitted serial data, framing characters individually with
start and stop bits is sometimes said to occur on a character-by-character
basis.

PAGE 14
 CHARACTER
SYNCHRONIZATI
ON
Character synchronization
involves identifying the beginning and end of a character within a
message.
Asynchronous Serial Data
 A logic 0 is used for the start bit because an idle line condition (no data
transmission) on a data communications circuit is identified by the
transmission of continuous logic 1s (called idle line 1s).
 All stop bits are logic 1s, which guarantees a high-to-low
transition at the beginning of each character.

PAGE 14
 CHARACTER
SYNCHRONIZATI
ON
Character synchronization
involves identifying the beginning and end of a character within a
message.
(2) Synchronous Serial Data
Synchronous data generally involves transporting serial data at relatively high
speeds in groups of characters called blocks or frames. Therefore, synchronous
data are not sent in real time. Instead, a message is composed or formulated and
then the entire message is transmitted as a single entity with no time
lapses between characters. With synchronous data, rather than frame
each character independently with start and stop bits, a unique sequence
of bits, sometimes called a synchronizing (SYN) character, is transmitted
at the beginning
of each message. For synchronously transmitted serial data, framing
characters in blocks is sometimes said to occur on a block-by-
block basis

PAGE 14
 LOGICAL
TOPOLOGY
Character synchronization
involves identifying the beginning and end of a character within a
message.
(2) Synchronous Serial Data
Synchronous data generally involves transporting serial data at relatively high
speeds in groups of characters called blocks or frames. Therefore, synchronous
data are not sent in real time. Instead, a message is composed or formulated and
then the entire message is transmitted as a single entity with no time
lapses between characters. With synchronous data, rather than frame
each character independently with start and stop bits, a unique sequence
of bits, sometimes called a synchronizing (SYN) character, is transmitted
at the beginning
of each message. For synchronously transmitted serial data, framing
characters in blocks is sometimes said to occur on a block-by-
block basis

PAGE 14