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5 – Frame Relay
Introducing Frame Relay
Access circuits
• The connection through the Frame Relay network between two DTEs is
called a virtual circuit (VC).
• Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are Virtual circuits may be
established dynamically by sending signaling messages to the network.
• However, SVCs are not very common.
• Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are more common.
• PVC are VCs that have been preconfigured by the carrier are used.
• The switching information for a VC is stored in the memory of the switch.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 7
Access Circuits and Cost Savings
• The FRAD or router connected to the Frame Relay network may have
multiple virtual circuits connecting it to various end points.
• This makes it a very cost-effective replacement for a full mesh of
access lines.
• Each end point needs only a single access line and interface.
• More savings arise as the capacity of the access line is based on the
average bandwidth requirement of the virtual circuits, rather than on
the maximum bandwidth requirement.
• Note: Also do not have to pay for leased line between two sites even
when no traffic is being sent.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 8
IETF Frame Relay Frame
Note:
• I am going to use information from CCNA version 2.0 and CCNP 2
version 3.0 to explain this topic.
• I do not like how this section (5.1.4) was written as I do not think it
explains the topic very well at all.
• Local access rate – This is the clock speed or port speed of the
connection or local loop to the Frame Relay cloud.
– It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network,
regardless of other settings.
• Committed Information Rate (CIR) – This is the rate, in bits per
second, at which the Frame Relay switch agrees to transfer data.
– The rate is usually averaged over a period of time, referred to as
the committed rate measurement interval (Tc).
– In general, the duration of Tc is proportional to the "burstiness" of
the traffic.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 16
Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control
per VC
Tc = 2 seconds
Bc = 64 kbps
CIR = 32 kbps
• Committed burst (Bc) – The maximum number of bits that the switch
agrees to transfer during any Tc.
– The higher the Bc-to-CIR ratio, the longer the switch can handle a
sustained burst.
– For example, if the Tc is 2 seconds and the CIR is 32 kbps, the Bc
is 64 kbps.
– The Tc calculation is Tc = Bc/CIR.
• Committed Time Interval (Tc) – Tc is not a recurrent time interval. It is
used strictly to measure inbound data, during which time it acts like a
sliding window. Inbound data triggers the Tc interval.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 18
Frame Relay bandwidth
and flow control
• Several factors determine the rate at which a customer can send data
on a Frame Relay network.
• Foremost in limiting the maximum transmission rate is the capacity of
the local loop to the provider.
• If the local loop is a T1, no more than 1.544 Mbps can be sent.
• In Frame Relay terminology, the speed of the local loop is called the
local access rate.
• Providers use the CIR parameter to provision network resources and
regulate usage.
• For example, a company with a T1 connection to the packet-switched
network (PSN) may agree to a CIR of 768 Kbps.
• This means that the provider guarantees 768 Kbps of bandwidth to the
customer’s link at all times.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 22
Frame Relay bandwidth
• Typically, the higher the CIR, the higher the cost of service.
• Customers can choose the CIR that is most appropriate to their
bandwidth needs, as long as the CIR is less than or equal to the local
access rate.
• If the CIR of the customer is less than the local access rate, the
customer and provider agree on whether bursting above the CIR is
allowed.
• If the local access rate is T1 or 1.544 Mbps, and the CIR is 768 Kbps,
half of the potential bandwidth (as determined by the local access rate)
remains available.
LMI
LMI
• In Cisco IOS releases prior to 11.2, the Frame Relay interface must be
manually configured to use the correct LMI type, which is furnished by
the service provider.
• If using Cisco IOS Release 11.2 or later, the router attempts to
automatically detect the type of LMI used by the provider switch.
• This automatic detection process is called LMI autosensing.
• No matter which LMI type is used, when LMI autosense is active, it
sends out a full status request to the provider switch.
• Frame Relay devices can now listen in on both DLCI 1023 or Cisco
LMI and DLCI 0 or ANSI and ITU-T simultaneously.
• The order is ansi, q933a, cisco and is done in rapid succession to
accommodate intelligent switches that can handle multiple formats
simultaneously.
• The Frame Relay switch uses LMI to report the status of configured
PVCs.
• The three possible PVC states are as follows:
– Active state – Indicates that the connection is active and that
routers can exchange data.
– Inactive state – Indicates that the local connection to the Frame
Relay switch is working, but the remote router connection to the
Frame Relay switch is not working.
– Deleted state – Indicates that no LMI is being received from the
Frame Relay switch, or that there is no service between the CPE
router and Frame Relay switch.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 29
DLCI Mapping to Network Address
• Manual
– Manual: Administrators use a frame relay map statement.
• Dynamic
– Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (I-ARP) provides a given
DLCI and requests next-hop protocol addresses for a specific
connection.
– The router then updates its mapping table and uses the information
in the table to forward packets on the correct route.
• Once the router learns from the switch about available PVCs and their
corresponding DLCIs, the router can send an Inverse ARP request to
the other end of the PVC. (unless statically mapped – later)
• For each supported and configured protocol on the interface, the router
sends an Inverse ARP request for each DLCI. (unless statically
mapped)
• In effect, the Inverse ARP request asks the remote station for its Layer
3 address.
• At the same time, it provides the remote system with the Layer 3
address of the local system.
• The return information from the Inverse ARP is then used to build the
Frame Relay map.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 31
Inverse ARP
• cisco - Default.
– Use this if connecting to another Cisco router.
• Ietf - Select this if connecting to a non-Cisco router.
– RFC 1490
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 33
Frame Relay LMI
Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco |
q933a}
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1
F r a m e R e la y
D LC I 101 N e tw o rk D LC I 102
H e a d q u a rte rs S a te llite O ffic e 1
H u b C ity Spokane
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1
F r a m e R e la y
D LC I 101 N e tw o rk D LC I 102
H e a d q u a rte rs S a te llite O ffic e 1
H u b C ity Spokane
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1
F r a m e R e la y
DLC I 101 N e tw o rk D LC I 102
H e a d q u a rte rs S a te llite O ffic e 1
H u b C ity Spokane
• dynamic refers to the router learning the IP address via Inverse ARP
• The DLCI 101 is configured on the Frame Relay Switch by the
provider.
• We will see this in a moment.
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1
F r a m e R e la y
DLCI 101 N e tw o rk DLC I 102
H e a d q u a rte rs S a te llit e O f fic e 1
H u b C ity Spokane
• If the environment does not support LMI autosensing and Inverse ARP,
a Frame Relay map must be manually configured.
• Use the frame-relay map command to configure static address
mapping.
• Once a static map for a given DLCI is configured, Inverse ARP is
disabled on that DLCI.
• The broadcast keyword is commonly used with the frame-relay
map command.
• The broadcast keyword provides two functions.
– Forwards broadcasts when multicasting is not enabled.
– Simplifies the configuration of OSPF for nonbroadcast networks
that use Frame Relay. (coming)
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 39
Frame
Relay Maps
By default,
cisco is the
default
encapsulation
• In a full mesh topology, all routers have PVCs to all other destinations.
• This method, although more costly than hub and spoke, provides direct
connections from each site to all other sites and allows for redundancy.
• For example, when one link goes down, a router at site A can reroute
traffic through site C.
• As the number of nodes in the full mesh topology increases, the
topology becomes increasingly more expensive.
• The formula to calculate the total number of PVCs with a fully meshed
WAN is [n(n - 1)]/2, where n is the number of nodes.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 53
A Frame-Relay Configuration Supporting Multiple Sites
H e a d q u a rte rs
H u b C ity
• This is known Hub Router
as a Hub and D LC I 101 D LC I 112
Spoke
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
Topology,
where the Hub
router relays
information
between the F r a m e R e la y
N e tw o rk
Spoke routers.
• Limits the
number of DLC I 102 D LC I 211
PVCs needed
as in a full- 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .3
mesh topology Spoke
(coming). S a te llite O ffic e 1 Routers S a t e llit e O ff ic e 2
Spokane Spokom o
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
DLC I 112
F r a m e R e la y
HubCity N e tw o rk
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 DLC I 102 DLC I 211
encapsulation frame-relay 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .3
S a t e llit e O f f ic e 1 S a t e llit e O f f ic e 2
Spokane Spokom o
Spokane
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
Spokomo
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
ARP
D LCI 101 D LC I 112
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
F r a m e R e la y
N e tw o rk
D LC I 102 D LC I 211
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .3
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
D LC I 112
F r a m e R e la y
N e tw o rk
D LC I 102 D LC I 211
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .3
Notice that the routers are configured to use either IARP or Frame Relay
maps. Using both on the same interface will cause problems.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 61
H e a d q u a rte rs
Mixing Inverse ARP and H u b C ity
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
Inverse ARP
F r a m e R e la y
N e tw o rk
encapsulation frame-relay 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .2
Spokane
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.1.1
F r a m e R e la y
255.255.255.0 N e tw o rk
encapsulation frame-relay
frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.3 102
D LC I 102 DLCI 211
Spokomo
interface Serial0
1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .1 1 7 2 .1 6 .1 .3
ip address 172.16.1.3
255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay S a te llite O ffic e 1 S a te llite O ffic e 2
frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 211 Spokane Spokom o
Good News:
• Everything looks fine!
• Now all routers can ping each other!
Bad News:
• Problem when using Frame-Relay map statements AND Inverse ARP.
• This will only work until the router is reloaded, here is why...
• The previous solution worked only because the Inverse ARP had taken
place between Spokane and HubCity, and between Spokomo and HubCity,
before the Frame-Relay map statements were added. (The Frame-Relay
map statement was added after the Inverse ARP took place.)
• Both the Inverse-ARP and Frame-Relay map statements are in effect.
• Once the router is reloaded (rebooted) the Inverse-ARP will never occur
because of the configured Frame-Relay map statement. (assuming the
running-config is copied to the startup-config)
• Rule: Inverse-ARP will be disabled for that specific protocol, for the
DLCI referenced in the Frame-Relay map statement.
Spokane and Spokomo can no longer ping HubCity because they do not
have a dlci-to-IP mapping for the other’s IP address!
Solution: Do not mix IARP with Frame Relay maps statements. If need
be use Frame-Relay map statements instead of IARP.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 70
Reachability issues
with routing updates
• The Central router must receive the broadcast from Branch A and then
send its own broadcast to Branch B.
• In this example, there are problems with routing protocols because of
the split horizon rule.
• A full mesh topology with virtual circuits between every site would
solve this problem, but having additional virtual circuits is more costly
and does not scale well.
• Using a hub and spoke topology, the split horizon rule reduces the
chance of a routing loop with distance vector routing protocols.
• It prevents a routing update received on an interface from being
forwarded through the same interface.
• If the Central router learns about Network X from Branch A, that update
is learned via S0/0.
• According to the split horizon rule, Central could not update Branch B
or Branch C about Network X.
• This is because that update would be sent out the S0/0 interface,
which is the same interface that received the update.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 73
One Solution: Disable Split Horizon
Router(config-if)#no ip split-horizon
Router(config-if)#ip split-horizon
Point-to-point
Point-to-point
• Physical interfaces: With a hub and spoke topology Split Horizon will
prevent the hub router from propagating routes learned from one
spoke router to another spoke router.
• Point-to-point subinterfaces: Each subinterface is on its own subnet.
Broadcasts and Split Horizon not a problem because each point-to-
point connection is its own subnet.
• Multipoint subinterfaces: All participating subinterfaces would be in
the same subnet. Broadcasts and routing updates are also subject to
the Split Horizon Rule and may pose a problem.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 77
Configuring Frame Relay subinterfaces
RTA(config)#interface s0/0
RTA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
Point-to-point subinterfaces are like conventional point-to-point interfaces
(PPP, …) and have no concept of (do not need):
• Inverse-ARP
• mapping of local DLCI address to remote network address (frame-relay
map statements)
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
• Can use the frame-relay interface dlci statement (for both point-to-
point and multipoint)
172.30.1.0/24
172.30.2.0/24
172.30.3.0/24
1 7 2 .3 0 .1 .2 /2 4 1 7 2 .3 0 .2 .2 /2 4 1 7 2 .3 0 .3 .2 /2 4
Rules:
1. No Frame-Relay map statements can be used with point-to-point
subinterfaces.
2. One and only one DLCI can be associated with a single point-to-point
subinterface
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
Share many of the same characteristics as a physical Frame-Relay interface
With multipoint subinterface you can have:
• can have multiple DLCIs assigned to it.
• can use frame-relay map & interface dlci statements
• can use Inverse-ARP
Remember, with point-to-point subinterfaces you:
• cannot have multiple DLCIs associated with a single point-to-point
subinterface
• cannot use frame-relay map statements
• cannot use Inverse-ARP
• (can use the frame-relay interface dlci statement for both point-to-point and
multipoint)
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 88
Multipoint subinterfaces
172.30.1.0/24
172.30.2.0/24
172.30.3.0/24
1 7 2 .3 0 .1 .2 /2 4 1 7 2 .3 0 .3 .3 /2 4
S ite A 1 S ite C 2
1 7 2 .3 0 .3 .2 /2 4
1 7 2 .3 0 .1 .3 /2 4
1 7 2 .3 0 .2 .2 /2 4 1 7 2 .3 0 .2 .3 /2 4
S ite C 1
S ite A 2
S ite B 1 S ite B 2