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Foreign Exchange Rates
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US $ 0.62 FF FF 3.65
DM US $ 0.17 DM
Foreign Exchange Rates
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The spot exchange rate is the rate at which a currency can be bought
or sold for immediate delivery which is within two business days after
the day of the trade.
Bid-ask spread is the difference between the bid and ask rates of a
currency.
The forward exchange rate is the rate that is currently paid for the
delivery of a currency at some future date.
The forward rate may be at a premium or at a discount.
For a direct quote, the annualised forward discount or premium can be
calculated as follows:
Spot rate – Forward rate 360
Forward premium (discount)
Spot rate Days
INTERNATIONAL PARITY
RELATIONSHIPS
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(1 rF ) f F / D
(1 rD ) sF / D
Purchasing Power Parity
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In absolute terms, purchasing power parity states that the exchange rate
between the currencies of two countries equals the ratio between the
prices of goods in these countries. Further, the exchange rate must
change to adjust to the change in the prices of goods in the two
countries. In relative terms, purchasing power states that the exchange
rate between the currencies of the two countries will adjust to reflect
changes in the inflation rates of the two countries. In formal terms, it
implies that the expected inflation differential equals to the current spot
rate and the expected spot rate differential. Thus:
Inflation rate differential = Current spot rate and expected spot rate
differential
(1 iF ) E ( sF / D )
(1 iD ) sF / D
Expectation Theory of Forward
Rates
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f F / D E ( sF / D )
sF / D sF / D
International Fisher Effect
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(1 rF ) E (1 iF )
(1 rD ) E (1 iD )
Foreign Exchange Risk
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Forward contract
Foreign currency option
Money market operations