‫صناعات انشائية‬

‫المرحلة الثانية‬
‫قسم هندسة تقنيات البناء واالنشاءات ‪ /‬الكلية التقنية الهندسية ‪ /‬الموصل‬
‫اعداد محمد حازم ياسين‬
 Lime production

The raw material used to make the lime is limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed mainly of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate CaCO3) and/or the mineral
dolomite (magnesium carbonate MgCO3) along with small amounts of other minerals.
Limestone
Limestone is formed by the compaction of the remains of coral animals and plants on
the bottoms of oceans around the world. It can be a soft white substance (chalk)
through to a very hard substance (marble). Most commercial limestone deposits are a
soft brown rock.
 Lime production

Types of limestone are defined by their magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)

concentrations (ASTM C 51):
a. Dolomitic limestone consists of 35 to 46% magnesium carbonate.
b. Magnesium limestone consists of 5 to 35% magnesium carbonate.
c. High calcium limestone contains less than 5% magnesium carbonate.
Limestone is crushed and screened to serve a wide variety of applications
including:
a. pH adjustment (water treatment)
b. Formulated product filler (masonry cements, ready mix concrete, asphalt,
joint compounds, etc...)
c. Flue gas desulphurization
d. Production of stone blocks
 Lime production
Chemical composition of limestone
Limestone is made up of varying proportions of the following chemicals with
calcium and magnesium carbonate being the two major components.
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
Silica SiO2
Alumina Al2O3
Iron oxide Fe2O3
Sulphate SO3
Phosphorus P2O5
Potash K2O
Soda Na2O
The two main impurities are silica and alumina with iron as the third.
 Lime production
Physical characteristics of limestone
1. The color of most limestone is varying shades of grey and tan.
2. It has been found that all limestone are crystalline but with varying
crystal sizes.
3. Density or porosity is determined as the percentage of pore space in
the stone's total volume. It ranges from 0.3% - 12%. At the lower end
are the dense types (marble), and at the upper the more porous (chalk).
4. Limestone varies in hardness from between 2 and 4 on Moh's scale
with dolomitic lime being slightly harder than the high calcium
varieties. Limestone is in most cases soft enough to be scratched with
a knife.
5. Marbles and travertine's have the highest compressive strength whilst
chalk has the lowest.
6. Due to the variance in porosity, the bulk densities of various limestone
range from 2000 kg/m3 for the more porous to 2800 kg/m3 for the
most dense.
7. The specific gravities of limestone range from 2.65-2.75 for high
calcium limestone and 2.75-2.9 for dolomitic limestone. Chalk has a
specific gravity of between 1.4 and 2.
 Lime production

Manufacturing process:
1. Quarrying and kiln feed preparation
Economic quarrying and preparation of stone for firing is a vitally
important precondition for the long term viability of the project. The
techniques and methods adopted will depend on the particular conditions
at each location and therefore nothing specific can be advised but it must
be stressed that careful planning is essential. This stage of the production
process must be planned with the following aims in mind:
a) to provide safe working conditions,
b) to install as economic a process as possible.
c) Specially trained and experienced personnel will be required to carry out
a geological survey, advise on the quarry plan and also to do blasting if
necessary.
 Lime production

2 . Crushing
The first step in the manufacturing of lime is to crush the pieces
of limestone to make them smaller. There are two basic types of
primary crushers: compression and impact.
Compression crushers use slow, steady amounts of pressure to
reduce the size of the rock, whereas impact crushers rely on
intense, repeated blows. Compression crushers are used mainly
for larger stones, impact crushers for smaller sizes. In some
plants, stones undergo secondary crushing as well. The crushed
stone is screened to provide the desired stone size
and then conveyed to storage in conical stockpiles.
 Lime production

3. Calcination
Limestone is converted into lime through heating in a kiln, a
process known as calcination. When limestone is subjected to
high temperatures, it undergoes a chemical decomposition
resulting in the formation of lime (CaO) and the emission of
carbon dioxide gas (CO2).
Lime production