Blood flow control II

Made by:
Dr. Zara batool
 LONG TERM CONTROL
• Long term blood flow regulation develops over a
period of hours, days or weeks.
• In some conditions, all the acute mechanisms even
after their full activation are unable to fulfill the
needs of a tissue.
• Long term regulation works in addition to acute
control mechanisms.
• Long term regulation is required when there is;
– Long term metabolic demands
– Chronically overactive tissue
– Chronically increased requirements of oxygen
• This long term blood flow regulation is achieved by
increasing or decreasing number and size of blood
vessels
 MECHANISM OF LONG TERM
REGULATION
• Main mechanism is change in the amount of
vascularity of tissue.
• There is actual physical reconstruction that occurs
rapidly in young and growing tissues.
 ROLE OF O2
• It is one of the most important factors in developing
long term blood flow regulation.
• Its importance can be explained by increased
vascularity of tissue in animals living on higher
altitude where atmospheric oxygen is low.
 GROWTH FACTORS
• Tissues produce variety of growth factors also
called angiogenic factors, that stimulate the growth
of blood vessels.
• Common growth factors are;
– Vascular endothelial growth factor
– Fibroblast growth factors
– Angiogenin
• Lack of O2 or other nutrients stimulate the formation
of these growth factors.
 ANGIOGENESIS
• It is the process by which new blood vessels are
formed.
• The steps involved are;
1. The basement membrane of endothelial cells is dissolved
at the point of sprouting.
2. The new endothelial cells are produced that will line up in
a cord directed towards the source of angiogenic factors.
3. Inside the cord the cells reproduce and fold over in a tube
4. This tube now connects with another tube budding
from another vessel to form capillary loop.
5. If the flow is too much increased smooth muscle
cells invade to form new vessels.
COLLATERAL CIRCULATION
• When an artery or vein is blocked new vascular
channels will open to restore partial blood supply of
tissues.
• At first these closed channels are dilated due to
metabolic or neurogenic stimuli.
• With time these vessels dilate enough to fulfill all the
needs of the tissue.
• These collateral vessels form multiple other channels in
case of strenuous activity
 HUMORAL CONTROL
• It is achieved by substances secreted or absorbed
into body fluids such as hormones or ions.
• These substances are formed either in glands or
local tissues.
• Humoral control is achieved by
– Vasoconstrictor agents
– Vasodilator agents
• VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS:
– Norepinephrine and epinephrine
– Angiotensin
– Vasopressin
– Endothelin
• VASODILATOR AGENTS:
– Bradykinin
– Histamine
 NOREPINEPHRINE AND EPINEPHRINE

• Norepinephrine is more potent vascular constrictor

as compared to epinephrine which in some tissues
causes vasodilation.
• With the activation of sympathetic system,
sympathetic nerve endings secrete norepinephrine
which excites heart and constrict veins and
arterioles.
• These sympathetic nerves also stimulate adrenal
medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
which are transported in blood to perform their
activity.
• In this way dual control is achieved.
 ANGIOTENSIN II
• It acts on small arterioles to constrict them.
• It acts on many arterioles at the same time thereby
increasing total peripheral resistance which causes
increase in arterial pressure.
 VASOPRESSIN
• It is also known as antidiuretic hormone.
• It is formed in hypothalamus and then transported
to posterior pituitary glands from where it is
secreted into blood.
• It is the most potent vascular constrictor substance.
 ENDOTHELIN
• It is present in endothelial cells.
• Damage to endothelium stimulate the release of
Endothelin
 VASODILATOR SUBSTANCES
BRADYKININ:
•Activated kellikerin acts on alpha2-globulin to release
kinin called kallidin.
•This kallidin is then converted to Bradykinin by
different tissue enzymes.
•It causes arteriolar dilation and increase capillary
permeability.
 HISTAMINE
• Histamine is released in response to tissue damage
and causes vasodilation of arterioles.
 VASCULAR CONTROL BY IONS
• Ca ions
• K ions
• Mg ions
• H ions