ELEMENTARY

PROBABILITY

BY: BILLY S. PIAPA CRUZ

BACKGROUND OF PROBABILITY
 The modern theory of probability is
usually considered to begin with the
correspondence of Pascal and Fermat in
1654.
 Because gambling is one of the oldest
leisure activities before, they seem that
from their earliest time they had
considered the basic ideas of probability.
 With that ideas of probability and their
curiosity, they used it for just predicting
the future of their gaming chances.
 THE EARLIEST BEGINNINGS OF
PROBABILITY THEORY
It was started by a mathematician “Cardano”
Cardano with his book, “Liber de ludo aleae”
(Book on Games of Chances) which is the
earliest systematic attempt to make the
probability calculations.
Cardano demonstrated an understanding of
the basic notions of probability.

EXAMPLES.....
 BLAISE PASCAL
   was born from France
He
 A famous mathematician which was known
for his “Pascal’s Triangle” or what we called
“Arithmetical Triangle”
 Traite du triangle arithmetique (Treatise of
the Arithmetical Triangle

The standard binomial symbol is used to name

the kth entry and nth row .
  
 EXAMPLE......
COLUMN

ROW 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
  
 EXAMPLE......

 Since, that
 CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
 A mathematician which became interested in
the question of probability during his visit in
Paris.
 He wrote his book entitled “De ratiiciniis in
aleae ludo” (On the Calculations in Game of
Chance)
 His notion is somehow calculating the “value”
of a particular action became the basis for the
first systematic treatise on probability.
 In modern times “value” of the cahnce is
called EXPECTATION
   have equal chances of winning (amounts)
To
a or b is equal to (a+b)/2
 Probability of winning each of a or b is ½,
then the expectation for each player is( ½) a
+( ½)b

 (p+q)x-(q-1)b-pa=b or x=