Filipino-American War

• FEB. 4, 1899 – SAN JUAN

BRIDGE INCIDENT, outbreak of the
Filipino-American War after Pvt.
ROBERT WILLIAM GRAYSON shot
a Filipino soldier.
• FEB. 6, 1899 – ratification of Treaty
of Paris by US Congress
• DEC. 2, 1899 – BATTLE OF TIRAD
PASS w/ Filipino soldiers led by the
24-year old Gen. GREGORIO DEL
PILAR & American soldiers led by
Maj. PEYTON MARCH.
• MAR. 23, 1901 – capture of
Aguinaldo in PALANAN, ISABELA
led by Col. FREDERICK
FUNSTON.
 American Approaches
• “Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation”
– by Pres. WILLIAM McKINLEY.
• Pacification by force, propaganda, & treaties.
– Gen. JOHN C. BATES concluded a treaty on
AUG. 20, 1899 (known as the BATES TREATY)
signifying peaceful coexistence between the US
& Muslim rulers.
• Compromise of wealth & power restricted to the
Filipino elite.
• Filipinization.
• Autonomy through Commonwealth govt.
Annexation & Pacification
• SCHURMAN COMMISSION
– Led by JACOB G. SCHURMAN, Pres. Of
Cornell University, N.Y., USA.
– MISSION: Expansion of American
sovereignty by peaceful means.
– RECOMMENDATIONS: Establishment of
civil govt. & public school system.
• TAFT COMMISSION
– Led by WILLIAM H. TAFT who later became
the 1st American civil governor in the Phil. w/
the establishment of a civil govt. on JUL. 4,
1901.
– MISSION: To make preparations and
oversee the transition from military to civil
government.
 American Resolutions
• SPOONER AMENDMENT (Mar 2, 1901, Sen.
JOHN C. SPOONER) – provided for
establishment of civil govt. in the Phil.
• SEDITION LAW OF 1901 (Nov. 4, 1901) –
illegalized & penalized all forms of expression or
acts of treason, rebellion, & cessation from the
US.
• COOPER LAW (Jul. 1, 1902, Rep. HENRY A.
COOPER) – provided for organic law, bill of
rights, & Phil. Legislature.
• JONES LAW (Aug. 29, 1916, Rep. WILLIAM A.
JONES) – provided for Phil. independence as
soon as Filipinos proved to be ready for self-
rule.
• CAYETANO AREELLANO – first Filipino Chief
 Renewal of Filipino Nationalism &
Struggle for Independence
• Guerilla Resistance (1901
– 1913)
– Gen. SIMEON OLA :
last revolutionary
general to surrender
• Nationalistic Literature
• Participatory Politics
– FEDERALISTA vs.
NACIONALISTA
• Independence Missions
– OS-ROX MISSION vs.
QUEZON MISSION
 Independence Missions
• OS-ROX MISSION
– Led by Rep. SERGIO OSMEÑA & Sen. MANUEL ROXAS.
– Secured the HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT, an
independence bill from Rep. BUTLER HARE & Sen. HARRY
HAWES.
– Hare-Hawes Cutting Act provided for establishment of 10-Yr
Commonwealth to serve as transition govt. before
proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946.
• QUEZON MISSION
– Led by MANUEL QUEZON.
– Secured the TYDINGS-McDUFFIE ACT, a re-run of the Hare-
Hawes Cutting from Sen. MILLARD TYDING & Rep. JOHN
McDUFFIE.
– MAY 1, 1934 – the Phil. Legislature adopted the Tydings-
McDuffie Act.
 The Commonwealth Govt.
• MAY 14, 1935 – ratification of the
1935 Phil. Constitution on
• NOV. 15, 1935 – inauguration of the
Commonwealth of the Phil. on w/
the election of Pres. MANUEL
QUEZON & V-Pres SERGIO
OSMENA.
• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1 –
NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT OF
1935 organized a regular & citizens
army.
• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 570 –
declared the Tagalog-based national
language as the official language of
the Phil.
 American Policies
• REPUBLICAN
– Associated w/ acquisition of overseas colonies &
imperialist policies.
– Inclination towards promotion & protection of American
business & economic interests.
• DEMOCRAT
– Acquisition & maintenance of overseas colonies are not
paramount.
– Associated w/ populist interests of American society &
the labor sector.
 Overview of Alternating Shifts in
American Policies
• 1897 – 1901: Pres. WILLIAM McKINLEY (Rep)
• 1901 – 1909: Pres. THEODORE ROOSEVELT (Rep)
• 1909 – 1913: Pres. WILLIAM TAFT (Rep)
• 1913 – 1921: Pres. WOODROW WILSON (Dem)
– Rapid Filipinization under Gov. FRANCIS HARRISON
• 1921 – 1923: Pres. WARREN HARDING (Rep)
• 1923 – 1929: Pres. CALVIN COOLIDGE (Rep)
• 1929 – 1933: Pres HERBERT HOOVER (Rep)
• 1933 – 1945: Pres. FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT (Dem)
– Ratification of the 1935 Phil. Constitution
– Inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Phil.
• 1945 – 1953: Pres. HARRY TRUMAN (Dem)
– Independence from US
 Philippines in World War II
• JUL. 26, 1941 - organization of the USAFFE under the
overall command of Gen. DOUGLAS McARTHUR.
• DEC. 8, 1941 – Japanese bombed PEARL HARBOR in
Hawaii & US military installations in the Phil.
• DEC. 24, 1941 – Pres. Quezon & the USAFFE fled to
Corregidor.
• JAN. 2, 1942 – Japanese forces occupied Manila under the
overall command of Gen. MASAHARU HOMMA.
• FEB. 18, 1942 – Pres. Quezon’s group escaped Corregidor
for the US.
• MAR. 11, 1942 – Gen. McArthur left Corregidor for Australia
by order of US Pres. FRANKLIN ROSSEVELT. Overall
command of the USAFFE was turned over to Gen.
JONATHAN WAINWRIGHT.
• APR. 9, 1942 – Fall of Bataan under Gen. EDWARD KING.
• MAY 6, 1942 – Fall of Corregidor under Gen. JONATHAN
WAIN WRIGHT.
 DEATH MARCH
April 10, 1942
• DISTANCE: 112 Km
• 54,000 reached prison camp
out of more than 70,000
• Approximately 6,000 to
11,000 died
 The 2 Phil. Republic
nd
• OCT. 14, 1943 – inauguration
of the Japanese-sponsored
Republic (2nd Phil. Rep.) &
Japanese proclamation of
Phil. Independence w/ Pres.
JOSE P. LAUREL.
• HUKbo ng BAyan LAban sa
mga HAPon – guerilla
movement led by LUIS
TARUC.
 Liberation & Independence
• OCT. 20, 1944 – LEYTE LANDING, return of the Americans.
• OCT. 24 – 26, 1945 – BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF, largest
naval battle in modern history.
• JAN. 9, 1945 – LINGAYEN LANDING, return of Gen. Douglas
McArthur.
• FEB. 3, 1945 –
LIBERATION OF
MANILA.
• JUL. 4, 1945 –
LIBERATION OF
THE PHIL.
• JUL. 4, 1946 –
PHIL.
INDEPENDENCE
.