PREPARED BY:-

KAMAL SHAZNI B. SALIM

MOHD FADZHIR B. ROSMAN
MUHAMMAD SAUFI B. BAKIM
MOHD LUTFI B. BAHARUM
FUARUDIN B. RAZALI
 DEFINITION
 ACCORDING TO LONGMAN DICTIONARY
OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH
 A SPEECH SOUND MADE BY PARTLY OR
COMPLETELY STOPPING THE FLOW OF
AIR THROUGH THE MOUTH
 EXCEPT A,E,I,O,U THE OTHER LETTERS
ARE CONSONANTS
 CONSONANTAL SOUNDS
 SHOW GREATER CONSTRICTION OF THE
VOCAL TRACT THAN VOCALIC SOUNDS
AND HAVE LESS PROMINENCE
 POSSIBLE FOR US TO PRODUCE SOME
CONSONANTS WITHOUT AN
ACCOMPANYING VOWEL SUCH AS mmm
or sshh
 VOCAL TRACT PLACE
 PRODUCES A PARTICULAR CONSONANTAL
SOUND IS LOCATED AT SOME POINT IN THE
VOCAL TRACT
 THE WALL OF THE VOCAL TRACT,EXTENDING
FROM THE LIPS TO THE GLOTTIS IS A VIRTUAL
CONTINUUM
 MOST OF THE LOCATION CAN BE IDENTIFIED
BY LOOKING IN A MIRROR OR BY FEELING
INSIDE THE MOUTH WITH FINGERS OR
TONGUE
 LABIAL
 REFERS TO THE UPPER AND LOWER LIPS

 [p] as in pea

 [b] as in bee

 [m] as in me
 DENTAL
 REFERS TO THE UPPER TEETH
 SOUND MADE BY TONGUE AGAINST THE
TEETH

 [Ө] as in thin
 [ð] as in this
 [n] as in month
 ALVEOLAR
 REFERS TO THE GUM RIDGE OR ALVEOLUM
 BEGINS BEHIND THE UPPER TEETH AND
EXTENDS TO THE CORRUGATION ON THE
MEMBRANOUS COVERING THE POSTERIOR

 [t] as in toe
 [d] as in doe
 [n] as in no
 POSTALVEOLAR
 REFERS TO THE REGION FROM THE
CORRUGATION ON THE TOOTH-RIDGE
 TO THE START OF THE SMOOTH
SURFACE OF THE HARD PALATE WHERE
THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH BEGINS TO
BECOME CONCAVE

 [‫ ]נ‬as in ray
 PALATAL
 TONGUE TIP,TONGUE BLADE AND
PALATAL REGION

 [j] as in you

 [k] before a front vowel as in keep

 VELAR
 TONGUE BODY AND SOFT PALATE

 [k] as in core

 [g] as in gore
 PHARYNGEAL
 WALL OF THE PHARYNXFROM THE
GLOTTIS TO THE INTERIOR FAUCAL
PILLARS
 PHARYNX WALLS

 [ħ] ARE FOUND IN SEVERAL LANGUAGES

OF WHICH THE BEST KNOWN IS ARABIC
 GLOTTAL
 REFERS TO THE GLOTTIS WHICH PLAYS
A CENTRAL ROLE IN PHONATION
 VOCAL FOLDS

 [pu’ ] as in put
 [ma’er] as in matter