University of Baghdad

Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering

Biomedical Engineering Department

Image processing for BME 2

5th Stage

Lecture 3
Sampling Theorem and Aliasing

By:
Dr. Noor Kamal
PhD in Biomedical Engineering
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Medical Imaging Systems from a Systems
Perspective

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Sampling and Quantization

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Sampling

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Shannon–Nyquist theorem
• What should be the ideal size of the pixel? Should it
be big or small?
The answer is given by the Shannon–Nyquist theorem.
As per this theorem, the sampling frequency should be
greater than or equal to 2 × fmax, where fmax is the
highest frequency present in the image.

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 Aliasing

o Spatial Aliasing : Is insufficient sampling of data along

the space axis, which occurs because of the insufficient
spatial resolution of the acquired image.

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When Does Aliasing Occurs?

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 Aliasing is Caused by Poor Sampling
Critical Sampling Distance: is the Sampling Distance corresponding to
the Nyquist Rate.

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 Aliasing
o Spatial Aliasing : Is insufficient sampling of data along
the space axis, which occurs because of the insufficient
spatial resolution of the acquired image.
o It is recommended to sample the image at the rate close
to the critical sampling rate.
o Minimum sampling frequency should be twice higher
than the max frequency in the image.
o If the image contain many frequencies which are higher
and not satisfy the nyquist rate , the image will be
suffered from the under sampling which is lead to spatial
aliasing.

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Sampling Theorem

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Sampling

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Sampling Theorem

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Sampling Theorem

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Sampling Theorem

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Aliasing Example

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Aliasing Example

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 Aliasing Example

Aliasing of a undersampled 2D image

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© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Aliasing Example

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Aliasing Example

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 Moiré Pattern
Moiré effect is a visual perception that occurs when viewing a set
of lines or dots that is superimposed on another set of lines or
dots, where the sets differ in relative size, angle, or spacing.

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© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
 Jaggies
Jaggies is the informal name for artifacts in raster images, most
frequently from aliasing, which in turn is often caused by non-linear
mixing effects producing high-frequency components or missing or
poor anti-aliasing filtering prior to sampling.
Aliasing is the jagged part in a line, curve, or edge that results from an image
on a raster grid. The jagged stairsteplike effect as the “jaggies”.
Anti-Aliasing diminishes jaggies → smooth edge

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 Anti-Aliasing
Antialiasing is a technique used in digital imaging to
reduce the visual defects that occur when high-resolution
images are presented in a lower resolution output devices
like the monitor or printer.

Aliasing problem of a Aliasing problem avoided by using

downsampled image band limiting Low Pass Filter.

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© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods