Principles of battery fast charging

Electrode Materials
• LTO materials are desirable for batteries capable of extreme fast charging with
long lifetimes due to the fact that:
they do not exhibit lithium plating or SEI layer formation, but they are seriously limited by
their high operating potentials, leading to decreased full cell voltage and limited energy
density
• LTO modification:
 Increasing its electronic conductivity
Increasing lithium-diffusion coefficient
Maximising the active powder content per unit volume by in situ introducing
carbon source
 Carbon coating
Metal/nonmetal ion doping
 Ultra-fast charge discharge cell
• Good electronic conductivity is a key factor in achieving an ultra-fast
charge-discharge cell with high capacity retention, and decreasing the
charge transfer resistance of the electrode
 N-doped nano-carbons - coated LTO
• higher electronic conductivity
• Basic nitrogen can also interact with titanium to form TiN (Ti3+ is more
conductive)
• presence of defects increased the number of active sites, and consequently the
Li+ permeability through the carbon coating
•  carbon coating protects the LTO porous particles, that is able to limit the
degradation of the battery as well as reduction of the resistance of the
electrode
• The charge capacity at 10C increased by 44%, and the specific energy density
of the anode increased by the elimination of superfluous carbons in the
electrode preparation.
  Cell and pack design

• Increasing the porosity and the width of the anode can help suppress
lithium plating but may also cause capacity loss.
• The higher N/P ratio may also help reduce mechanical stresses on the
anode, which would reduce additional SEI formation and associated
LLI
• Cell geometrical design