Hazardous Waste (lecture 1)

Waste???
A material, substance, or by-product) eliminated or
discarded as no longer useful or required after the
completion of a process.
OR
any unwanted or discarded material we produce that
is may be a solid or a liquid or gas.

It may be toxic or may be not .

 Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that

results in harmful effect in environment and
biological organism.
• The EPA (Environmental protection agency)that
U.S. factories released 1.8 million metric tons
(about 2 million tons) of toxic chemicals into the
air, land, and surface waters in 2011, including a
number of chemicals that are known carcinogens.
• In the United States hundreds of billions of
gallons of ground water are also contaminated
with uranium and other toxic chemicals
• About 70 million of radioactive waste is also
buried in the form of landfills, tranches and in
tanks
 Hazardous waste
A substance will be Hazardous waste if it is
•Reactive
•Corrosive
•Flammable(ignitable)
•Toxic

Toxic waste
•A is only waste that when ingested or
adsorbed is harmful or fatal to living organism
•So Hazardous waste may be sometimes toxic.
But toxic waste always be Hazardous waste
 Sources
•Toxic waste results from industrial, chemical, and
biological processes
Sources of hazardous waste
•by products of industrial , domestic activities
•mining sites and mineral processing sites
•agricultural facilities and research laboratories
•All sources that discharges liquid , solid and gas
that fit the definition of Hazardous waste can be
regarded as hazardous waste.
•agricultural land and agroindustry
•contaminated sites and building materials
 Categories of hazardous waste
1.Listed (Pedigree history background and derivation)
2.Characteristics (based on chemistry)
3.Universal
4.Mixed
1.: Wastes that EPA has determined are hazardous. The lists
include the F-list (wastes from common manufacturing and
industrial processes), K-list (wastes from specific industries), and
P- and U-lists (wastes from commercial chemical products)
2.: Wastes that do not meet any of the listings above but that
exhibit ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
3.: Batteries, pesticides, mercury- containing equipment (e.g.,
thermostats) and lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs).
4.Waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous waste
components.
 Hazardous Waste characteristics

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines

these hazardous substances in terms of the
following characteristics:
1.ignitability, or something flammable
2.corrosivity, or something that can rust or
decompose
3.reactivity, or something explosive
4.toxicity, or something poisonous
 Ignitability

*Ignitable substances in these wastes may be

*Liquids
*Gases

*They catch fire due to

*Presence of ignition source (liquid)
*From friction or contact with water (non
liquids) e.g., ignitable compressed gases; and
oxidizers (organic peroxide)
 Corrosivity
characteristic of substances that exhibit extremes
of acidity or basicity or a tendency to corrode
steel e.g.,HCL etc)
Reactivity
*substances that have a tendency to undergo violent
chemical change (examples are explosives,
pyrophoric materials, water- reactive substances, or
cyanide- or sulfide- bearing wastes)
 Toxicity
Substances which are itself toxic or its compounds
are toxic e.g., Arsenic D004
 LD50, LC50 and IC50

 Lethal dose (LD50) is the amount of an ingested

substance that kills 50 percent of a test sample. It
is expressed in mg/kg, or milligrams of substance
per kilogram of body weight.

• The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills

50% of the test animals during the observation
period is the LC50 value.

• IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) is

a dose of chemical or substance that benefits
growth of organism by 50% and rest the organism
remain ineffective.
TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE OF HW:
The CRADLE TO GRAVE concept
HW generated at source requires movement by
trucks to further.
Requires serious care & attention while moving
HW to be properly packed & labelled for
transport to ensure safe handling
Storage facilities are used to store waste
temporarily before treatment & disposal.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY:
OBJECTIVES:
1.Waste minimization
2.Detoxification & neutralization of
waste by treatments
3.Destruction of combustible waste by
incineration
4.Solidification of sludge & ash from
steps from 2 & 3
5.Disposal of residues in landfills.
Thank You