Chapter 7

Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure

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 Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure

7.1 The Nature of Light

7.2 Atomic Spectra

7.3 The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy

7.4 The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

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 The Wave Nature
Of Light

Figure 7.1
Frequency and
wavelength.

c = 

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 Figure 7.2 Amplitude (intensity) of a wave.

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 Figure 7.3 Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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 Sample Problem 7.1 Interconverting Wavelength and Frequency

PROBLEM: A dental hygienist uses x-rays (= 1.00 Ǻ) to take a series of dental
radiographs while the patient listens to a radio station ( = 325 cm)
and looks out the window at the blue sky (= 473 nm). What is the
frequency (in s-1) of the electromagnetic radiation from each source?
(Assume that the radiation travels at the speed of light, 3.00 x 108
m/s.)
PLAN: Use c = 

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 Sample Problem 7.1 Interconverting Wavelength and Frequency
continued

SOLUTION: c = 

3 x 108 m/s
1.00 Ǻ x 10 m = 1.00 x 10 m
-10 -10
= 3 x 1018 s-1
1Ǻ = 1.00 x 10-10 m

10-2 m
325 cm x = 325 x 10-2 m 3 x 108 m/s = 9.23 x 107 s-1
1 cm =
325 x 10-2 m

10-9 m
473 nm x = 473 x 10-9 m 3 x 108 m/s
1 nm = = 6.34 x 1014 s-1
473 x 10 m
-9

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 Figure 7.4

Different
behaviors
of waves
and
particles.

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 Figure 7.5
The diffraction pattern caused by light passing through two adjacent
slits.

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 Figure 7.6 Demonstration of the photoelectric effect.

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 Sample Problem 7.2 Calculating the Energy of Radiation from
Its Wavelength
PROBLEM: A cook uses a microwave oven to heat a meal. The wavelength of
the radiation is 1.20 cm. What is the energy of one photon of this
microwave radiation?

PLAN: After converting cm to m, we can use the energy equation, E = h

combined with  = c/ to find the energy.
hc
SOLUTION: E=


(6.626 x 10-34 J•s) (3.00 x 108 m/s)

E=
10-2 m = 1.66 x 10-23 J
1.20 cm x
cm

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 Figure 7.7
The line
spectra of
several
elements.

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 1 1 1
Rydberg equation = R -
 n1 2
n2 2

R is the Rydberg constant = 1.096776 x 107 m-1

Figure 7.8 Three series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen.

for the visible series, n1 = 2 and n2 = 3, 4, 5, ...

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 Figure 7.9
Quantum staircase.

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 Figure 7.10
The Bohr explanation of the three series of spectral lines.

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 Figure 7.12
Wave motion in
restricted systems.

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 λ = h/mu

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 Sample Problem 7.3 Determining ∆E and λ of an Electron Transition

PROBLEM: A hydrogen atom absorbs a photon of visible light (see Figure 7.10)
and its electron enters the n = 4 energy level. Calculate (a) the
change in energy of the atom and (b) the wavelength (in nm) of the
photon.
PLAN: (a) The H atom absorbs visible light, so the electron is going from n = 2
to n = 4. Use Equation 7.4 to find ΔE. (b) ΔE = h= hc


SOLUTION:
(a) ΔE = -2.18 x 10-18 J
1 - 1 = -2.18 x 10-18 J
1 - 1
n 12 n 22 42 22
ΔE = 4.09 x 10-19 J

(6.626 x 10-34 J•s) (3.00 x 108 m/s)

(b) ΔE = h= hc ; = hc = = 4.86 x 10-7 m
 ΔE (4.09 x 10-19 J)
1 nm
 = 4.86 x 10-7 m x = 486 nm
10-9 m
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 Figure 7.13
Comparing diffraction patterns of x-rays and electrons.

X-ray diffraction of aluminum Electron diffraction of aluminum

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 Figure 7.14 Summary of the major observations and theories
leading from classical theory to quantum theory.

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 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

h
x • m u ≥
4

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 Figure 7.15 Electron probability density in the ground-state H atom.

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 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital is specified by three quantum

numbers.
n the principal quantum number - a positive integer ( 1, 2, 3, ……)

l the angular momentum quantum number - an integer from 0 to (n - 1)

ml the magnetic moment quantum number - an integer from –l to +l

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7-24
 Sample Problem 7.5 Determining Quantum Numbers for an Energy Level

PROBLEM: What values of the angular momentum (l) and magnetic (ml)
quantum numbers are allowed for a principal quantum number (n) of
3? How many orbitals exist for n = 3?

PLAN: Follow the rules for allowable quantum numbers found in the text.
l values can be integers from 0 to (n – 1); ml can be integers from -l
through 0 to +l.
SOLUTION: For n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2

For l = 0, ml = 0

For l = 1, ml = -1, 0, +1

For l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

There are 9 ml values and therefore, 9 orbitals with n = 3.

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 Sample Problem 7.6 Determining Sublevel Names and Orbital
Quantum Numbers
PROBLEM: Give the name, magnetic quantum numbers, and number of orbitals
for each sublevel with the following quantum numbers:
(a) n = 3, l = 2 (b) n = 2, l = 0 (c) n = 5, l = 1 (d) n = 4, l = 3

PLAN: Combine the n value and l designation to name the sublevel.

Knowing l, we can find ml and the number of orbitals.

SOLUTION:
sublevel possible ml
n l name values # of orbitals

(a) 3 2 3d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5

(b) 2 0 2s 0 1

(c) 5 1 5p -1, 0, +1 3

(d) 4 3 4f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7

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Figure 7.16 The 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals.

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 Figure 7.17 The 2p orbitals.

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 Figure 7.18 The 3d orbitals.

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 Figure 7.19 One of the seven possible 4f orbitals.

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