BIO-SENSOR
D139/1A Opp. ANU , Men’s Hostel ,
Nagarjuna Nagar – 522510 Guntur (D.T) A.P
Outline
• Introduction
• What is Bio-Sensor?
• History of Bio-Sensors
• Basic Components Of Biosensor
• Parts Of Bio-Sensor
• Response from the Bio-Elements
• Working Of Bio-Sensor
• Examples Of Bio-Sensors
• Typical Sensing Techniques For Bio- Sensors
• Types Of Bio-Sensors
• Applications Of Bio - Sensors
INTRODUCTION
• A biosensor is a sensing device comprised of a combination of a
specific biological element and a transducer.
• A “specific biological element” recognizes a specific analyte and the
changes in the biomolecule are usually converted into an electrical
signal (which is in turn calibrated to a specific scale) by a transducer.
• It detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological
change or process.
What is Bio-Sensor?
• “A self-contained integrated device which is capable of providing
specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using
a biological recognition element which is in direct spatial contact with
a transducer element.”
OR
• “Biosensors are analytical tools for the analysis of biomaterial samples
to gain an understanding of their bio-composition, structure and
function by converting a biological response into a measurable
response”.
Father Of Bio-Sensors
The first and the most widespread used
commercial biosensor: the blood glucose
biosensor – developed by Leland C. Clark in
1962
Professor Leland C Clark (1918–2005)
History Of Bio-Sensors
• 1916: First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of
invertase on activated charcoal 1922: First glass pH electrode
• 1956: Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen electrode.
• 1962: First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme
electrodre for glucose (Clark)
• 1969: Guilbault and Montalvo – First potentiometric biosensor urease
immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea 1970: Bergveld
– ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) 1975: Lubbers and
Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor with immobilized indicator to
measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.
History Of Bio-Sensors
• 1975: First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs
• Instruments glucose biosensor)
• 1975: First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor
• 1976: First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles) 1980: First fibre optic pH
sensor for in vivo blood gases(Peterson)
• 1982: First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose 1983: First surface
plasmon resonance (SPR)
• immunosensor
• 1984: First mediated amperometric biosensor:ferrocene used with glucose
oxidase for glucose detection.
History Of Bio-Sensors
• 1987: Blood-glucose biosensor launched by MediSense ExacTech.
• 1990: SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore
• 1992: Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT
• 1996: Launching of Glucocard
• 1998: Blood glucose biosensor launch by Life Scan Fast Take
• 1998: Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and Boehringer
Mannheim
• CURRENT: Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire, nanotube, etc
Basic Components Of Biosensor
The basic components of Biosensor are
Bio – Element, Transducer
Basic Components Of Biosensor ( Cont.)
• Bio-Element
• It is a typically complex chemical system
usually extracted or derived directly from a biological
organism.
Types :
• Enzymes - Antibodies
• Oxidase - Tissue
• Polysaccharide - Nucleic Acid
Basic Components Of Biosensor ( Cont.)
• Function :-
• To interact specifically with a target compound i.e, the compound to
be detected.
• It must be capable of detecting the presence of a target compound in
the test solution.
• The ability of a bio-element to interact specifically with target
compound (specificity) is the basis for biosensor.
Basic Components Of Biosensor ( Cont.)
• Transducer
Function :
• To convert biological response in to an electrical signal.
Types :
• Electrochemical Optical
• Piezoelectric
Parts Of Bio-Sensor
Analyte
Response
Analysis Detection Sample
handling/
Signal
Response from the Bio-Elements
• Heat absorbed (or liberated ) during the interaction.
• Movement of electrons produced in a redox reaction.
• Light absorbed (or liberated ) during the interaction.
• Effect due to mass of reactants or products.
Working Of Bio-Sensor
Figure:- Schematic Diagram of a Biosensor
Examples Of Bio-Sensors
Pregnancy test
Glucose monitoring device
Infectous disease biosensor
from RBS
Coal miners’ biosensor
Typical Sensing Techniques For Bio-Sensors
• Fluorescence
• DNA Microarray
• SPR Surface plasmon resonance
• Impedance spectroscopy
• SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM, STM)
• QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)
• SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)
• Electrochemical
Types Of Bio-Sensors
• Electrochemical biosensor
• Optical biosensor
• Thermal biosensor
• Resonant biosensor
• Ion-sensitive biosensor
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• Electrochemical Bio- Sensor
• Principle
Many chemical reactions produce or consume ions or electrons which
in turn cause some change in the electrical properties of the solution
which can be sensed out and used as measuring parameter.
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• Optical Detection Bio-Sensor
• The output transduced signal that is measured is light for this type of
biosensor.
• The biosensor can be made based on optical diffraction. In optical
diffraction based devices, a silicon wafer is coated with a protein via
covalent bonds. The wafer is exposed to UV light through a photo-
mask and the antibodies become inactive in the exposed regions.
When the diced wafer chips are incubated in an analyte, antigen-
antibody bindings are formed in the active regions, thus creating a
diffraction grating. This grating produces a diffraction signal when
illuminated with a light source such as laser.
• The resulting signal can be measured.
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• Thermal Detection Bio- Sensor
• This type of biosensor work on the fundamental properties of
biological reactions, namely absorption or production of heat, which
in turn changes the temperature of the medium in which the reaction
takes place.
• They are constructed by combining immobilized enzyme molecules
with temperature sensors. When the analyte comes in contact with the
enzyme, the heat reaction of the enzyme is measured and is calibrated
against the analyte concentration.
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• They are constructed by combining immobilized enzyme molecules
with temperature sensors. When the analyte comes in contact with the
enzyme, the heat reaction of the enzyme is measured and is calibrated
against the analyte concentration.
• The total heat produced or absorbed is proportional to the molar
enthalpy and the total number of molecules in the reaction.
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• Resonant Bio-Sensor
• It Utilize crystals which undergo an elastic deformation when an
electrical potential is applied to them.(Alternating potential (A.C.)
produces a standing wave in the crystal at a characteristic frequency.)
• In this type of biosensor, an acoustic wave transducer is coupled with
an antibody (bio-element).
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• When the analyte molecule (or antigen) gets attached to the
membrane, the mass of the membrane changes. The resulting change
in the mass subsequently changes the resonant frequency of the
transducer. This frequency change is then measured.
• Ion Sensitive Bio-Sensor
• These are semiconductor FETs having an ion-sensitive surface.
• The surface electrical potential changes when the ions and the
semiconductor interact.(This change in the potential can be
subsequently measured.)
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• The Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) can be constructed
by covering the sensor electrode with a polymer layer. This polymer
layer is selectively permeable to analyte ions. The ions diffuse through
the polymer layer and in turn cause a change in the FET surface
potential.
• This type of biosensor is also called an ENFET (Enzyme Field Effect
Transistor) and is primarily used for pH detection.
Types Of Bio-Sensors ( Cont. )
• Glucose Bio-Sensors
Glucose reacts with glucose oxidase(GOD) to form gluconic acid. Two
electrons & two protons are also produced.
• Glucose mediator reacts with surrounding oxygen to form H2O2 and
GOD. Now this GOD can reacts with more glucose.
• Higher the glucose content, higher the oxygen consumption.
• Glucose content can be detected by Pt-electrode.
Applications Of Bio-Sensors
• Food Analysis
• Study of biomolecules and their interaction
• Drug Development
• Crime detection
• Medical diagnosis
• Environmental field monitoring
• Quality control
• Industrial Process Control
• Detection systems for biological warfare agents
• Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs
