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Eksipen Sediaan Farmasi

Apt. Nurfitriyana, M.Farm

Institut Sains & Teknologi Al-Kamal

Genap 2020/2021
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Pertemuan 6
Eksipien dalam Sediaan Steril
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Principle
Parenteral drugs are formulated as solutions,
suspensions, emulsions, liposomes, microspheres,
nanosystems, and powders to be reconstituted as
solutions.
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Components of parenterals
• Active pharmaceutical ingredients
• Vehicle
• Added substances
• Primary container
• Closure
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Vehicle
• Aqueous
• Non aqueous (miscible and immiscible)
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Syarat Vehicle
• Mudah didapat harga murah
• Inert
• Dapat bercampur dengan cairan badan
• Tidak toksik
• Tidak mengiritasi
• Tidak bersifat pirogenik
• Stabil fisikokimiawi
• Tetap cair pada suhu tubuh
• Tidak dipengaruhi pH
• Efektik untuk melarutkan/menjadi pembawa zat aktif
dalam volume kecil
• Dapat disterilkan dengan autoklaf (lebih baik hasilnya)
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WFI
• Water for Injection can be prepared by
distillation or by membrane technologies (i.e.,
reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration). The EP
(European Pharmacopeia) only permits
distillation as the process for producing WFI.
The USP and JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) allow
all these technologies to be applied.
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Aqua pro injeksi

Aqua pi bebas CO2
Aqua pi bebas O2
Aqua pi bebas pirogen

?
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Still
Several factors must be considered in selecting a still to
produce WFI:
• The quality of the feed water will affect the quality of the
distillate
• The size of the evaporator will affect the efficiency
• The baffles (condensing surfaces) determine the
effectiveness of refluxing
• Redissolving volatile impurities in the distillate reduces
its purity.
• Contamination of the vapor and distillate from the metal
parts of the still can occur. Constructed of metal coated
with pure tin, 304 or 316 stainless-steel, or chemically
resistant glass
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Purity of WFI
• Total organic carbon (TOC), with a limit of 500
ppb (0.5 mg/L), and conductivity, with a limit of
1.3 μS/cm at 25°C or 1.1 μS/cm at 20°C.
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Added substances function

• Increase and maintain drug solubility
Examples include complexing agents and surface active
agents. The most commonly used complexing agents are the
cyclodextrins, including Captisol. The most commonly used
surface active agents are polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monolaurate (Tween 20) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monooleate (Tween 80).
• Provide patient comfort
Reducing pain and tissue irritation, as do substances added to
make a solution isotonic or near physiological pH. Common
tonicity adjusters are sodium chloride, dextrose, and glycerin
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• Enhance the chemical stability of a solution, as do

antioxidants, inert gases, chelating agents, and buffers.
• Enhance the chemical and physical stability of a
freezedried product, as do cryoprotectants and
lyoprotectants. Common protectants include sugars,
such as sucrose and trehalose, and amino acids, such as
glycine.
• Enhance the physical stability of proteins by minimizing
self-aggregation or interfacial induced aggregation.
Surface active agents serve nicely in this capacity.
• Minimize protein interaction with inert surfaces, such as
glass and rubber and plastic. Competitive binders, such
as albumin, and surface active agents are the best
examples.
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• Protect a preparation against the growth of microorganisms.

The term ‘preservative’ is sometimes applied only to those
substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms in a
preparation. However, such limited use is inappropriate,
being better used for all substances that act to retard or
prevent the chemical, physical, or biological degradation of
a preparation.
• Although not covered in this chapter, other reasons for
adding solutes to parenteral formulations include sustaining
and/or controlling drug release (polymers), maintaining the
drug in a suspension dosage form (suspending agents,
usually polymers and surface active agents), establishing
emulsified dosage forms (emulsifying agents, usually
amphiphilic polymers and surface active agents), and
preparation of liposomes (hydrated phospholipids).
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TERIMAKASIH