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SYLLABUS
• Introduction . Structural design, types of loads (IS 875), types of structural
members, rolled sections and uses, types of steel structures, IS 800, steps in
design.
• Introduction to Limit State Design. Partial safety factors for loads and
materials. Classification of structural members.
•  Design of Connections . Analysis and design of bolted connections. Failure of
bolted joints. Design strength of bolt. Efficiency of joint. Connections subjected
to eccentric loading.
• Classification of Welds. Stresses in weld. Analysis and design of connections.
Connections subjected to direct forces, bending and twisting moment, types of
connections. 
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 SYLLABUS
• Tension Members. Net sectional area, design strength of tension members.
Design strength due to block shear.

• Compression Members: Effective length, slenderness ratio, failure modes,

Local buckling, flexural torsional buckling, imperfection factor, design of
columns, Lacing and battening .

• Column Bases. Slab bases with gusseted connections including eccentric

loading, foundation bolts etc., detailing.

•  Beams . General considerations, Plastic analysis, Classification of sections ,Web

buckling and Web crippling ,Laterally supported and Unsupported Beams ,shear ,
Maximum deflection. Design of beams with rolled sections .
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• Durability and Fire Resistance.
 REFERENCES
• DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES – N.
SUBRAMANIAN
• LIMIT STATE DESIGN IN
STRUCTURAL STEEL – SHIYEKAR
• LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES – SHAH & GORE
• IS 800: 2007 – CODE OF PRACTICE
• IS 808: 1989 – STEEL TABLES
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 TRG AIDS REQD

• IS 800: 2007 – CODE OF PRACTICE

• IS 808: 1989 – STEEL TABLES

• CALCULATOR

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INTRODUCTION

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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

• BUILDINGS
• BRIDGES
• TOWERS
• STORAGE TANKS
• SILOS
• BUNKERS
• DOMES
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BUILDINGS

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CITY HALL, LONDON

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SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY
WASHINGTON

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QUEEN SOFIA PALACE OF ARTS IN
VALENCIA, SPAIN

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WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

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SHAH ALAM STADIUM, MALAYSIA

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GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, BILBAO

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©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 18
BRIDGES

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TOWERS

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STORAGE TANKS/
SILOS

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BUNKERS

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DOMES

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MISC

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 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
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 EARLY CONSTRUCTIONS IN STEEL
• 3000 BC : Steel has been in existence.

• 1000 BC : Indus Valley, Greeks and Egyptians.

• 500 – 400 BC : China and Europe

• Ashokan Pillar and Iron Joints in Puri Temples are more

than 1500 years old.

• 1855 : Henry Bessemer invented the modern steel

making process.

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 STEEL IN INDIA
• Tenth largest producer of steel in the world

• However, per capita consumption of steel is low:

Only 33 kg/person/year as compared to 220 kg in
China and 300-600 kg in USA, Germany, UK and
Japan.
India possesses enormous deposits of very rich Iron
ores, but they cannot be fully exploited because there
are no coal mines in their vicinity.

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STEEL PLANTS IN INDIA

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COALBROOKDALE ARCH BRIDGE BY ABRAHAM DARBY
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IN
ENGLAND – 1779. SPAN – 30.4 M.
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The world has become cramped ! !

Air Crossing ! 45
 GLOSSARY

• STRESS • BRITTLE FRACURE

• STRAIN • HARDNESS
• YOUNG’S MODULUS • FATIGUE
• POISSON’S RATIO • CORROSION
• POISSON’S EFFECT • FORGING
• DUCTILITY • WELDING
• MALLEABILITY • ANNEALING
• TOUGHNESS • QUENCHING
STRESS STRAIN CURVE OF A
MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

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BASIC MTRLS OF CONSTR

• MASONRY

• REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE
• STRUCTURAL STEEL

• WOOD
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 COMPARISION
MASONRY CONCRETE STEEL WOOD

Durability

Fire Resistant

Speed of
Construction
Demountability

Recycle

Strength

Aesthetics

Prefabrication

Lightest 49
 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• HIGH STRENGTH • ADDITIONS TO

• HIGH DUCTILITY EXISTING
• STRUCTURES
UNIFORMITY
• • LEAST DISTURBANCE
ENVIRONMENT
FRIENDLY TO THE COMMUNITY
• FRACTURE
• VERSATILITY
TOUGHNESS
• PREFABRICATION
• ELASTICITY
• PERMANENCE

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DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• MAINT COSTS

• FIRE RESISTANCE

• FIRE PROOFING COSTS

• FATIGUE

• SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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 Steel is an alloy of Iron and Carbon !

More Carbon more

strength? - Yes
But what happens to
Carbon
-- ductility?
-Ferrite Adding Carbon - Is it the
only way to get strength?
Is there a limit for carbon
content in structural steel?

Interstitial solid solution Carbon content in

of Carbon in Iron Structural steel- 0.12-
0.25%
 COMPARISION OF CAST IRON,
WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL.
PROPERTY CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON STEEL

COMPOSITION Crude form, Carbon: Purest form, Midway,

2.5-4.5% Carbon : 0.2% Carbon: 0.1-0.25%
STRUCTURE Crystalline Fibrous, Silky lustre Granular

SPECIFIC 7-7.5 7.8 7.85

GRAVITY
MELTING POINT 1250°C, Contracts 1500ºC 1300-1400ºC

HARDNESS Quite hard. Can be Cannot be hardened CAN be hardened

hardened by heating or tempered. and tempered.
and sudden cooling.
STRENGTH (MPa) Comp Str: 600-700 Comp Str: 200 Comp Str: 180-350
Tensile Str: 120-150 Tensile Str: 400 Tensile Str: 310-700
SHOCK Does not absorb Does not absorb Absorbs

MAGNETISATION No effect Temp effect Permt effect

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RUST Does not rust Rusts Rusts easily
 COMPARISION OF CAST IRON,
WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL.
PROPERTY CAST IRON WROUGHT STEEL
IRON
MALLEABILITY Nil Malleable Malleable
DUCTILITY Nil Ductile Ductile
FORGING Brittle, cannot be rolled Easily forged Rapidly forged
into sheets
WELDING Cannot be welded Easily welded Rapidly welded
1. Non rusting Chains, crane hooks, 1. RCC
property. Railway couplings. 2. Bolts, Rivets,
2. Parts not subject to Sheets.
shocks. 3. Cutlery, files,
3. Used in parts most machine tools.
USES likely to rust – water 4. High carbon steel
pipes, sewers, drain used where hard,
pipes, lamposts, tough, elastic and
railings. durable mtrl reqd.
ALLOYING ELEMENTS WITH STEEL
IRON AND STEEL MAKING PROCESS
 • Iron ore, Limestone and coal is
fed into the BF.

• Liquid pig iron collects at the

bottom of BF(C-4.0%;Mn-.5%;P-
0.12%;S-0.05%).

• Hot metal is charged into Steel

making vessel. Oxygen is blown
in a controlled manner to reduce
carbon and impurities like silicon,
manganese, phosphorous and
sulphur . Final steel is produced.
(C-0.1-.25%;Mn-.4-1.2%;P-
0.05%;S-0.05%).

• Oxygen less than 30 ppm - fully

killed steel; 150 ppm semi-killed
steel.

Source:Adams P.F., Krentz H.A. and Kulak G.L., “Limit state design in structural 63
design – SI Units”, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (1979).
BASIC SHAPES AND THEIR RELATIVE
PROPORTIONS

INGOT SLAB BLOOM BILLET

PRIMARY ROLLS PRIMARY ROLLS FOR
FOR PLATES STRUCTURAL SHAPES

Molten steel
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

• BEAMS
• TENSION MEMBERS OR TIES
• COMPRESSION MEMBERS
(COLUMNS AND STRUTS)
• TORSIONAL MEMBERS
• PLATES

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STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS
ROLLED EQUAL UNEQUAL T TUBULAR
CHANNELS
BEAMS ANGLES ANGLES SECTIONS SECTIONS

ISJB ISJC ISEA ISA ISJT ISLT

ISLB ISLC ISA ISLT ISMT

ISMB ISMC ISDT ISHT

ISWB ISNT

ISHB ISHT

ISSC

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STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS

• ROLLED BARS – ISRO, ISSQ

• PLATES – ISPL

• STRIPS – ISST

• FLATS - ISFI

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HOT ROLLED BEAM
HOT ROLLED CHANNEL

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ANGLES

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T SECTIONS

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TUBULAR SECTIONS

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ROLLED BARS

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ISMB 600 @ 0.616 KN/M

FLANGE

WEB

AN ISMB WITH A DEPTH OF 600 MM AND A

WEIGHT OF 0.616 KN PER METRE OF LENGTH
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 CHOOSING A SECTION

• The Choice of Section is governed by:

1. Cross Sectional Area.
2. Sectional Modulus.
3. Radius of Gyration.
4. Availability of Section.
5. Ease with which sections can be
connected.
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Fe 415 Cu – W A

STEEL COPPER WELDABILITY

BEARING
QUALITY

GRADE OF
STEEL
CHARACTERISTIC ULTIMATE TENSILE
STR IN MEGAPASCALS
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
1. CARBON STEEL (IS 2062)
2. HIGH STRENGTH CARBON STEEL
3. MEDIUM AND HIGH STR
MICROALLOYED STEEL (IS 8500)
4. HIGH STRENGTH QUENCHED AND
TEMPERED STEELS
5. WEATHERING STEELS
6. STAINLESS STEELS
7. FIRE RESISTANT STEELS
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CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL

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USES OF STEEL (BASED ON CARBON CONTENT)

MILD STEEL

CC – CARBON CONTENT
USES OF STEEL (BASED ON CARBON CONTENT)

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

CC – CARBON CONTENT
USES OF STEEL (BASED ON CARBON CONTENT)

HIGH CARBON STEEL/HARD STEEL

CC – CARBON CONTENT
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN STEEL
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ROLE OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEER IN THE 21 st

CENTURY

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WHAT DO WE WANT FROM A STRUCTURE ?

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 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural Design is a process to

achieve optimum dimensions of
elements of a structure to satisfy the
strength and stiffness for its intended
usage and life.

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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE
DESIGNING THE STRUCTURE
1. Materials to be used.
2. Arrangement and structural system and flooring
system to be adopted.
3. Fabrication and type of jointing.
4. Method of erection of the framework to be used.
5. Type of construction for floor, walls, cladding and
finishes.
6. Installation of ventilating/ heating plant, lifts, water
supply, power etc.
7. Corrosion protection required.
8. Fire protection required.
9. Operating and maintenance costs.
10. Safety, Economy and Aesthetics. 106
 TYPES OF LOADS
• Dead • Blast and Explosion
• Imposed • Fire
• Wind • Fdn settlement
• Earthquake • Hydrostatic
• Snow • Wave/Current
• Crane • Fatigue
• Temperature • Dust
• Fabrication • Impact
• Dynamic • Longitudinal
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 RETURN PERIOD
• Return Period may be defined as the
average time between consecutive
occurrences of the same event.

• It is only an average duration and NOT the

actual time between occurrences which
would be highly variable.

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 DEAD LOAD
A load fixed in MAGNITUDE and
DIRECTION is called dead load.

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 IMPOSED LOADS

• Previously referred to as live loads.

• Occupancy by people.
• Moveable eqpt.
• Moveable furniture.
• Stored materials.
• Different for different types of buildings.

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CLASSIFICATION OF IMPOSED LOADS

• Residential
• Educational
• Institutional
• Assembly Halls
• Office and Business Bldgs
• Mercantile Bldgs
• Industrial Bldgs
• Storage Bldgs.
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 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
The gaps at the expansion joints should be
such that, the joints:

(a)Accommodate the expected

expansion/contraction due to seasonal
variation of temp.

(b) Avoid pounding of adjacent units under

earthquake loads.
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 CONSTRUCTION LOADS
 Engineer in Charge completely responsible.
 Many structural failures occur during
construction rather than after construction.
 Loads due to storage or positioning of
construction materials and
equipment/machinery.

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 EARTHQUAKE LOADS
To perform well in an earthquake, a building
should possess the following four main
attributes:
1.Simple and regular configuration.
2.Adequate lateral strength.
3.Adequate stiffness.
4.Adequate ductility.

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 TYPES OF LOADS

• Thus, a load on a structure may be due

to the following:
– Mass and Gravitational Effect (mg)
– Mass and Acceleration Effect (ma)
– Environmental Effects – Temp,
Settlement, Shrinkage. Indirect loads.

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 TYPES OF LOADS

• IS 800:2007 classifies actions (loads)

as follows:
– Permanent Actions (Qp)
– Variable Actions (Qv)
– Accidental Actions (Qa)

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 LOAD COMBINATIONS

1. 1.5 (DL+IL)

2. 1.2 (DL+IL+ELx)

3. 1.2 (DL+IL-ELx)

4. 1.2 (DL+IL+ELy)

5. 1.2 (DL+IL-ELy)

6. 1.2 (DL+IL+WL)

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 THANK YOU !

• Be an ambassador of
popularizing steel
construction.

• The Nation needs you!

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